Geskiedenis van Israel en Juda in die Bybelse tyd

Kaart van die Koninkryk van Israel (blou) en Koninkryk van Judah (geel) tydens die Ystertydperk, met hul buurstate (tan) (9de eeu v.C.)

Die Koninkryk van Israel en die Koninkryk van Juda was twee verwante Israelitiese koninkryke uit die Ystertydperk van die antieke Suidelike Levant. Nadat 'n opkomende en groot regering wat gevestig was op die Gibeon-Gibea plato, gevorm en vernietig is deur Shoshenq I in die eerste helfte van die 10de eeu v.C., ^[1] het die klein stadstate in die Suidelike Levant weer gedy. Tussen 950 en 900 v.C. het 'n ander groot regering in die noordelike hooglande ontstaan met sy hoofstad wat uiteindelik by Tirzah geleë was, en wat beskou kan word as die voorloper van die Koninkryk van Israel, ^[2] wat as 'n belangrike mag in die streek gekonsolideer was teen die eerste helfte van die 9de eeu v.C., ^[3] voordat dit onderwerp is deur die Nieu-Assiriese Ryk in 722 v.C.. Israel se suidelike buurland, die Koninkryk van Juda, het in die tweede helfte van die 9de eeu v.C. ontstaan, ^[3] en was later 'n kliënt-staat van die Neo-Assiriese Ryk en daarna die Neo-Babiloniese Ryk, voor 'n opstand teen laasgenoemde gelei het tot die vernietiging daarvan in 586 v.C.. Na die omverwerping van Babilon onder die Achaemenidiese Ryk onder Kores die Grote in 539 v.C. het sommige ballinge van Juda teruggekeer na Jerusalem, welke die formatiewe tydperk begin het met betrekking tot die ontwikkeling van 'n kenmerkende identiteit in die provinsie van Yehud Medinata.

Gedurende die Hellenistiese klassieke periode is Yehud opgeneem in die daaropvolgende Hellenistiese koninkryke wat gevolg het op die verowerings van Aleksander die Grote, maar in die 2de eeu v.C. het die Jode in opstand gekom teen die Seleukidiese Ryk, en die koninkryk van die Hasmoneeë geskep. Laasgenoemde koninkryk, die laaste nominaal-onafhanklike koninkryk van Israel, het vanaf 63 v.C. met die Beleg van Jerusalem en die verowering van die koninkryk deur Pompeius van Rome sy onafhanklikheid verloor en 'n Romeinse en later Partiese kliënt-koninkryk geword. Na die installering van klient-koninkryke onder Herodus, is die Provinsie van Judea geteister deur burgerlike onluste, wat uitgeloop het op die Eerste Joodse-Romeinse oorlog, die vernietiging van die Tweede Tempel, en die opkoms van Rabbiniese Judaïsme en die Vroeë Christendom. Die naam Judea (Iudaea) is toe nie meer deur die Grieks-Romaanse wêreld gebruik nie. Na die Bar Kochba-opstand van 135 n.C. het die Romeine die meeste Jode uit die streek verdryf en die naam van die streek na Palestina (Palaestiane) verander.

Sien ook[wysig | wysig bron]

Verwysings[wysig | wysig bron]

Sitasies[wysig | wysig bron]

↑ Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, pp. 43-51. See p. 48: "...Shoshenq I, the founder of the Twenty-Second Dynasty and seemingly the more assertive of the Egyptian rulers of the time, reacted to the north Israelite challenge. He campaigned into the highlands and took over the Saulide power bases in the Gibeon plateau and the area of the Jabbok River in the western Gilead. The fortified sites of Khirbet Qeiyafa, Khirbet Dawwara, et-Tell, and Gibeon were destroyed or abandoned. Shoshenq reorganized the territory of the highlands - back to the traditional situation of two city-states under his domination..."
↑ Finkelstein, Israel, (2019). "First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel", in Near Eastern Archaeology 82(1), p. 12: "...the emergence of the 'Tirzah polity' (the ﬁrst ﬁfy years of the Northern Kingdom) in the middle of the tenth century BCE..."
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..."

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Verdere leeswerk[wysig | wysig bron]

[1] Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, pp. 43-51. See p. 48: "...Shoshenq I, the founder of the Twenty-Second Dynasty and seemingly the more assertive of the Egyptian rulers of the time, reacted to the north Israelite challenge. He campaigned into the highlands and took over the Saulide power bases in the Gibeon plateau and the area of the Jabbok River in the western Gilead. The fortified sites of Khirbet Qeiyafa, Khirbet Dawwara, et-Tell, and Gibeon were destroyed or abandoned. Shoshenq reorganized the territory of the highlands - back to the traditional situation of two city-states under his domination..."

[2] Finkelstein, Israel, (2019). "First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel", in Near Eastern Archaeology 82(1), p. 12: "...the emergence of the 'Tirzah polity' (the ﬁrst ﬁfy years of the Northern Kingdom) in the middle of the tenth century BCE..."

[Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..."

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