Kleinhandel
Voorkoms
Kleinhandel is die verkoop van goedere en dienste aan verbruikers, in teenstelling met groothandel, wat die verkoop aan besighede- of institusionele kliënte is. 'n Kleinhandelaar koop goedere in groot hoeveelhede van vervaardigers, direk of deur 'n groothandelaar, en verkoop dan in kleiner hoeveelhede aan verbruikers vir 'n wins. Kleinhandelaars is die laaste skakel in die voorsieningsketting van produsente tot verbruikers.
Statistiek
[wysig | wysig bron]Globale top tien kleinhandelaars
[wysig | wysig bron]Sedert 2016, is China die grootste kleinhandel mark ter wêreld.[1]
Wêreldwye top tien kleinhandelaars[2] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rang | Maatskappy | Hoofkwartier | 2020 totale inkomste (US$ miljard)[2] | Sektor | Aantal lande met bedrywighede 2020 |
1 | Walmart | ![]() |
$519.93 | Hypermarket/supercenter/superstore | 27 |
2 | Amazon | ![]() |
$280.52 | E-handel | 18 |
3 | Costco | ![]() |
$163.22 | Cash & carry/warehouse club | 12 |
4 | Schwarz Gruppe (Lidl) | ![]() |
$133.89 | Kruidenierswinkel | 33 |
5 | Aldi | ![]() |
$116.06 | Kruidenierswinkel | 18 |
6 | JD.com | ![]() |
$82.86 | E-handel | – |
7 | Carrefour | ![]() |
$82.60 | Hypermarket/supermarket | 32 |
8 | Ahold Delhaize | ![]() |
$78.17 | Kruidenierswinkel | 10 |
9 | Alibaba | ![]() |
$71.99 | E-handel | 7 |
10 | IKEA | ![]() |
$45.18 | Meubels | 60 |
Verwysings
[wysig | wysig bron]- ↑ "China Eclipses the US to Become the World's Largest Retail Market – eMarketer". www.emarketer.com (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Februarie 2022. Besoek op 25 April 2017.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 "Top 50 Global Retailers 2021". NRF (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 April 2021. Besoek op 13 April 2021.
Bronnelys
[wysig | wysig bron]- Adburgham, A., Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance, London, Thames and Hudson, 1979
- Alexander, A., "The Study of British Retail History: Progress and Agenda", in The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, D.G. Brian Jones and Mark Tadajewski (eds.), Oxon, Routledge, 2016, pp. 155–72
- Feinberg, R.A. and Meoli, J., [Online: "A A Brief History of the Mall Brief History of the Mall"], in Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 18, Rebecca H. Holman and Michael R. Solomon (eds.), Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1991, pp. 426–27
- Hollander, S. C., "Who and What are Important in Retailing and Marketing History: A Basis for Discussion", in S.C. Hollander and R. Savitt (eds.) First North American Workshop on Historical Research in Marketing, Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1983, pp. 35–40.
Eksterne skakels
[wysig | wysig bron]![]() |
Sien kleinhandel in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek. |
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Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met Kleinhandel. |