Scrophulariaceae

Leeubekkies
	Scrophularia nodosa
Wetenskaplike klassifikasie
Domein:	Eukaryota
Koninkryk:	Plantae
Klade:	Tracheofiete
Klade:	Angiospermae
Klade:	Eudicots
Klade:	Asterids
Klade:	Lamiids
Orde:	Lamiales
Familie:	Scrophulariaceae; Juss., (1789) nom. cons.
Genusse
	Sien teks
Sinonieme
	Bontiaceae Horan.; Buddlejaceae K.Wilh., nom. cons.; Hebenstretiaceae Horan.; Limosellaceae J.Agardh; Myoporaceae R.Br., nom. cons.; Oftiaceae Takht. & Reveal; Selaginaceae Choisy, nom. cons.; Spielmanniaceae J.Agardh, nom. illeg.; Verbascaceae Bercht. & J.Presl;

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Die Scrophulariaceae is ’n familie van blomplante, algemeen bekend as die leeubekkiefamilie. Die plante is eenjarige en meerjarige kruide, asook struike. Die blomme vertoon bilaterale (sigomorfiese) of, selde, radiale (aktinomorfiese) simmetrie. Die Scrophulariaceae het ’n kosmopolitiese verspreiding, met die meeste spesies wat in gematigde streke voorkom, insluitend tropiese berggebiede. Die familienaam is afgelei van die genus Scrophularia (L.).

Taksonomie

In die verlede is die familie beskou as bestaande uit sowat 275 genusse en meer as 5 000 spesies, maar die klassifikasie daarvan is radikaal verander nadat talle molekulêre filogenieë getoon het dat die tradisionele breë omgrensing sterk polifileties was.^[2] Verskeie genusse is onlangs na ander families binne die Lamiales oorgeplaas, veral na die Plantaginaceae en Orobanchaceae, maar ook na verskeie nuwe families.^[3]^[4] Verskeie families binne die Lamiales het hul omskrywing uitgebrei om genusse wat uit die Scrophulariaceae (breed gedefinieer) oorgeplaas is, in te sluit.

Fischer (2004) het die familie beskou as bestaande uit drie subfamilies – Antirrhinoideae, Gratioloideae en Digitalidoideae. Hy het verder die Gratioloideae verdeel in vyf tribusse – Gratioleae, Angelonieae, Stemodieae, Limoselleae en Lindernieae. Hy het daarna die Gratioleae, met sy 16 genusse (en ongeveer 182 spesies), in drie subtribusse verdeel – Caprarinae, Dopatrinae en Gratiolinae.

Die Gratiolinae het 10 genusse (ongeveer 121 spesies) wat versprei is deur die gematigde en tropiese dele van Amerika – Bacopa en Mecardonia (voorheen Herpestis), Amphianthus, Gratiola, Sophronanthe, Benjaminia, Scoparia, Boelkea, Maeviella en Braunblequetia. Baie van hierdie genusse is later na die familie Plantaginaceae, in die tribus Gratioleae, oorgeplaas.

Gebruike

Die familie sluit sommige medisinale plante in, waaronder:

Scrophularia, helmkruide
Verbascum, fakkelkruie

Genusse

Die familie Scrophulariaceae, volgens die APG IV (2016)-omskrywing,^[5] sluit 62 genusse en ongeveer 1 830 bekende spesies in.^[6] Vanaf Mei 2024 erken Plants of the World Online 58 genusse.^[7]

Tribus Androyeae^[8]

Androya H.Perrier

Tribus Aptosimeae^[9]

Anticharis Endl.
Aptosimum Burch. ex Benth.
Peliostomum E.Mey. ex Benth.

Tribus Buddlejeae^[10]

Buddleja L.
Gomphostigma Turcz.

Tribus Camptolomeae^[8]

Camptoloma Benth.

Tribus Hemimerideae^[11]

Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.
Colpias E.Mey. ex Benth.
Diascia Link & Otto
Diclis Benth.
Hemimeris L.f.
Nemesia Vent.

Tribus Leucophylleae^[12]

Capraria L.^[13]
Eremogeton Standl. & L.O.Williams
Leucophyllum Humb. & Bonpl.

Tribus Limoselleae^[14]

Barthlottia Eb.Fisch.
Chaenostoma Benth. (somtyds ingesluit in Sutera maar word onderskei deur Kornhall en Bremer^[15])
Chenopodiopsis Hilliard
Cromidon Compton
Dischisma Choisy
Glekia Hilliard
Globulariopsis Compton
Glumicalyx Hiern
Gosela Choisy
Hebenstretia L
Jamesbrittenia Kuntze^[15]
Limosella L.^[16]
Lyperia Benth.
Manulea L.
Manuleopsis Thell. ex Schinz
Melanospermum Hilliard
Microdon Choisy

Phyllopodium Benth.
Polycarena Benth.
Selago L.
Strobilopsis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
Sutera Roth
Tetraselago Junell
Trieenea Hilliard
Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt

Tribus Myoporeae^[17]

Bontia L.
Calamphoreus Chinnock (sinoniem van Eremophila)
Diocirea Chinnock (sinoniem van Eremophila)
Eremophila R.Br.
Glycocystis Chinnock
Myoporum Sol. ex G.Forst.

Tribus Scrophularieae^[18]

Antherothamnus N.E.Br.
Nathaliella B.Fedtsch.
Rhabdotosperma Hartl (sinoniem van Verbascum)
× Scrophulari-verbascum P.Fourn.
Scrophularia L.
Verbascum L.

Tribus Teedieae^[8]^[19]

Dermatobotrys Bolus
Freylinia Colla
Oftia Adans.
Phygelius E.Mey. ex Benth.
Ranopisoa J.F.Leroy
Teedia Rudolphi

Nie in 'n tribus geplaas of onbekende tribus

Ameroglossum Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes
Chamaecrypta Schltr. & Diels
Dolichostemon Bonati

Verwysings

↑ "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 17 Januarie 2003. Besoek op 17 Oktober 2011.
↑ Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.
↑ Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)
↑ Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia. 30: 13–22. - on line here
↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385
↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)
↑ Scrophulariaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 Villaverde, T., Larridon, I., Shah, T., Fowler, R.M., Chau, J.H., Olmstead, R.G. and Sanmartín, I. (2023), Phylogenomics sheds new light on the drivers behind a long-lasting systematic riddle: the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. New Phytol, 240: 1601-1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18845
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (Maart 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ ^15,0 ^15,1 Kornhall, Per & Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
↑ Plants of the World Online and World Flora Online place Limosella in family Plantaginaceae – Limosella L. (POWO), Limosella L. (WFO), Retrieved 13 May 2024.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.
↑ "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[GRIN-1] "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 17 Januarie 2003. Besoek op 17 Oktober 2011.

[2] Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See FISCHER (2004), p. 346.

[olmstead2001-3] Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A. (2001). "Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (2): 348–361. doi:10.2307/2657024. JSTOR 2657024. PMID 11222255.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)

[4] Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae?". Fremontia. 30: 13–22. - on line here

[apgiv-5] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–20, doi:10.1111/boj.12385

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-6] Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)

[powo-7] Scrophulariaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2024.

[Villaverde-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 Villaverde, T., Larridon, I., Shah, T., Fowler, R.M., Chau, J.H., Olmstead, R.G. and Sanmartín, I. (2023), Phylogenomics sheds new light on the drivers behind a long-lasting systematic riddle: the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. New Phytol, 240: 1601-1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18845

[9] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[10] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[11] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[12] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[13] Gándara, Etelvina; Victoria Sosa (Maart 2013). "Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus Leucophyllum (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (3): 508–518. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x.

[14] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[kornhall2004-15] 15,0 ^15,1 Kornhall, Per & Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (4): 453–467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.

[16] Plants of the World Online and World Flora Online place Limosella in family Plantaginaceae – Limosella L. (POWO), Limosella L. (WFO), Retrieved 13 May 2024.

[17] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[18] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

[19] "Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Besoek op 28 November 2015.

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