Grootteordes (lengte): Verskil tussen weergawes
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Lyn 592: | Lyn 592: | ||
==Sien ook== |
==Sien ook== |
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* [[ |
* [[Posisie van die Aarde in die heelal]] |
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* ''[[Powers of Ten]]'', a 1977 short documentary film which depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of ten. |
* ''[[Powers of Ten]]'', a 1977 short documentary film which depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of ten. |
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Wysiging soos op 10:22, 23 Januarie 2012
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|
Afdeling | Reeks (m) | Eenheid | Voorbeeld | |
---|---|---|---|---|
≥ | < | |||
Subatomies | 0 | 10−15 | am | elektron, kwark, string, Planck-lengte |
Atoom na sellulêre | 10−15 | 10−12 | fm | proton, neutron |
10−12 | 10−9 | pm | golflengte van gammastrale en x-strale, waterstof atoom | |
10−9 | 10−6 | nm | DNA heliks, virus, golflengte van sigbare spektrum | |
Menslike skaal | 10−6 | 10−3 | µm | bakterie, mis (water druppel), menslike haar[1] |
10−3 | 100 | mm | muskiet, golfbal, voetbal (sokkerbal) | |
100 | 103 | m | mens, voetbal (sokkerveld), Eiffel-toring | |
103 | 106 | km | Mount Everest, lengte van die Panamakanaal, groter asteroïde | |
Astronomies | 106 | 109 | Mm | die Maan, Aarde, een ligsekonde |
109 | 1012 | Gm | Son, een ligminuut, Aarde se wentelbaan | |
1012 | 1015 | Tm | wentelbane van buitenste planete, Sonnestelsel | |
1015 | 1018 | Pm | een ligjaar; afstand na Proxima Centauri | |
1018 | 1021 | Em | spiraalvormige sterrestelsel | |
1021 | 1024 | Zm | Melkweg, afstand na Andromeda sterrestelsel | |
1024 | ∞ | Ym | waarneembare heelal |
Gedetailleerde lys
Om te help verskillende grootteorders te vergelyk, die volgende lys verduidelik die verskeie lengtes tussen 1.6×10−35 m en 1.3×1026 m.
Subatomies
Faktor (m) | Meervoudige | Waarde | Item |
---|---|---|---|
10−35 | 0.000000000016 ym (1.6×10−35 m) | Planck length; size of a hypothetical string and of branes; according to string theory lengths smaller than this do not make any physical sense.[2]
Quantum foam is thought to exist at this level. | |
10−24 | 1 yoctometre (ym) | 20 ym (2 × 10−23 metres) | effective cross section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos[3] |
10−21 | 1 zeptometre (zm) | Preons, hypothetical particles proposed as subcomponents of quarks and leptons; the upper bound for the width of a cosmic string in string theory. | |
7 zm (7 × 10−21 metres) | effective cross section radius of high energy neutrinos[4] | ||
354 zm (3.54 × 10−19 metres) | de Broglie wavelength of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (3.5 TeV as of 2011) | ||
10−18 | 1 attometre (am) | upper limit for the size of quarks and electrons | |
sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves | |||
upper bound of the typical size range for "fundamental strings"[2] | |||
10−17 | 10 am | range of the weak force | |
10−16 | 100 am | According to Craig Hogan, a scientist from Fermilab, the predicted scale of resolution of space-time if the universe is assumed to satisfy the holographic principle, a prediction that according to preliminary reports is in agreement with observations at the GEO 600 detector.[5] |
Atoom na sellulêre
Faktor (m) | Meervoudige | Waarde | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
10−15 | 1 femtometre (fm) | 1.5 fm | size of an 11 MeV proton[6] |
2.81794 fm | classical electron radius[7] | ||
scale of the atomic nucleus[2][8] | |||
10−14 | 10 fm | ||
10−13 | 100 fm |
| |
10−12 | 1 picometre (pm) | ... | longest wavelength of gamma rays |
2.4 pm | Compton wavelength of electron | ||
5 pm | wavelength of shortest X-rays | ||
10−11 | 10 pm | 25 pm | radius of hydrogen atom |
31 pm | radius of helium atom | ||
53 pm | Bohr radius | ||
10−10 | 100 pm | 100 pm (0.1 nm) | 1 Ångström (also covalent radius of sulfur atom[9]) |
154 pm (0.154 nm) | length of a typical covalent bond (C–C). | ||
500 pm (0.50 nm) | width of protein α helix
| ||
10−9 | 1 nanometre (nm) | 1 nm | diameter of a carbon nanotube[10] |
2.5 nm | Smallest transistor gate oxide thickness microprocessors (as of Jan 2007) | ||
6–10 nm | thickness of cell membrane | ||
10−8 | 10 nm | 10 nm | thickness of cell wall in gram-negative bacteria[verwysing benodig] |
40 nm | extreme ultraviolet wavelength | ||
90 nm | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (generally, viruses range in size from 20 nm to 450 nm) | ||
10−7 | 100 nm | 121.6 nm | wavelength of the lyman-alpha line[11] |
380–435 nm | wavelength of violet light—see color and optical spectrum[12] | ||
625–740 nm | wavelength of red light[12] |
Menslike skaal
Faktor (m) | Meervoudige | Waarde | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
10−6 | 1 micrometre (µm) | 1 µm | also called one micron |
1–3 µm | particle size that a surgical mask removes at 80–95% efficiency[verwysing benodig] | ||
6-8 µm | diameter of a red blood cell[13] | ||
10−5 | 10 µm | 10 µm | typical size of a fog, mist or cloud water droplet. Chip 10 µm process in 1971. |
12 µm | width of acrylic fibre | ||
25.4 µm | 1/1000 inch, commonly referred to as one mil | ||
10−4 | 100 µm | 100 µm | width of a strand of human hair[14] |
200 µm | typical length of Paramecium caudatum, a ciliate protist | ||
750 µm | maximum diameter of Thiomargarita namibiensis, the largest bacterium ever discovered | ||
10−3 | 1 millimetre (mm) | 2.54 mm | 1/10th inch; distance between pins in DIP (dual-inline-package) electronic components |
5 mm | length of average red ant | ||
7.62 mm | common military ammunition size | ||
10−2 | 1 centimetre (cm) | 1.5 cm | length of a large mosquito |
2.54 cm | 1 inch | ||
4.267 cm | diameter of a golf ball | ||
10−1 | 1 decimetre (dm) | 10 cm | wavelength of the highest UHF radio frequency, 3 GHz |
30.48 cm | 1 foot | ||
91 cm | 1 yard
| ||
100 | 1 metre | 1 m | wavelength of the lowest UHF and highest VHF radio frequency, 300 MHz |
1.7 m (5 feet 7 inches) | average height of a human | ||
8.38 m | The length of a London Bus (Routemaster) | ||
101 | 1 decametre (dam) | 10 m | wavelength of the lowest VHF and highest shortwave radio frequency, 30 MHz |
33 m | length of longest blue whale measured, the largest animal[15] | ||
93.47 m | height of the Statue of Liberty (foundation of pedestal to torch) | ||
102 | 1 hectometre (hm) | 100 m | wavelength of the lowest shortwave radio frequency and highest medium wave radio frequency, 3 MHz |
137 m (147 m) | height (present and original) of the Great Pyramid of Giza | ||
979 m | height of the Salto Angel, the world's highest free-falling waterfall (Venezuela)
| ||
103 | 1 kilometre (km) | 1 km | wavelength of the lowest medium wave radio frequency, 300 kHz |
1609 m | 1 international mile | ||
8848 m | height of the highest mountain on earth, Mount Everest | ||
104 | 10 km | 10.911 km | depth of deepest part of the ocean, Mariana Trench |
13 km | narrowest width of the Strait of Gibraltar, separating Europe and Africa | ||
90 km | width of the Bering Strait | ||
105 | 100 km | 111 km | distance covered by one degree of latitude on Earth's surface |
163 km | length of the Suez Canal | ||
974.6 km | greatest diameter[16] of the dwarf planet,[note 1] Ceres |
Astronomies
Sjabloon:Orders of magnitude (length) imagemap astronomical-scale
Faktor (m) | Meervoudige | Waarde | Item
|
---|---|---|---|
106 | 1,000 km = 1 megametre (Mm) | 2,390 km | diameter of dwarf planet Pluto, formerly the smallest planet category[note 1] of our solar system |
3,480 km | diameter of the Moon | ||
5,200 km | typical distance covered by the winner of the 24 hours of Le Mans automobile endurance race | ||
6,400 km | length of the Great Wall of China | ||
6,600 km | approximate length of the two longest rivers, the Nile and the Amazon | ||
7,821 km | length of the Trans-Canada Highway | ||
9,288 km | length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, longest in the world
| ||
107 | 10,000 km | 12,756 km | equatorial diameter of the Earth |
40,075 km | length of the Earth's equator
| ||
108 | 100,000 km | 142,984 km | diameter of Jupiter |
299,792.458 km | distance travelled by light in one second | ||
384,000 km = 384 Mm | Moon's orbital distance from Earth
| ||
109 | 1 million km = 1 gigametre (Gm) | 1,390,000 km = 1.39 Gm | diameter of the Sun |
4,200,000 km = 4.2 Gm | greatest mileage ever recorded by a car (A 1966 Volvo P-1800S, still driving)
| ||
1010 | 10 million km | 18 million km | approximately one light-minute
|
1011 | 100 million km | 150 million km = 150 Gm | 1 astronomical unit (AU); mean distance between Earth and Sun |
~ 900 Gm | optical diameter of Betelgeuse (~600 × Sun)
| ||
1012 | 1000 million km = 1 terametre (Tm) | 1.4 ×109 km | orbital distance of Saturn from Sun |
~ 3 ×109 km | estimated optical diameter of VY Canis Majoris, as of 2007 the largest known star (~2000 × Sun) | ||
5.9 ×109 km = 5.9 Tm | orbital distance of Pluto from Sun | ||
~ 7.5 ×109 km = 7.5 Tm | outer boundary of the Kuiper belt, inner boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50 AU)
| ||
1013 | 10 Tm | diameter of our Solar System as a whole[2] | |
16.25×109 km = 16.25 Tm | distance of the Voyager 1 spacecraft from Sun (Sjabloon:As of), the farthest man-made object so far[17]
| ||
1014 | 100 Tm | 1.8×1011 km = 180 Tm | size of the debris disk around the star 51 Pegasi [18] |
1015 | 1 petametre (Pm) | ~ 7.5 ×1012 km = 7.5 Pm | supposed outer boundary of the Oort cloud (~ 50,000 AU) |
9.46×1012 km = 9.46 Pm = 1 light year |
distance travelled by light in one year; at its current speed, Voyager 1 would need 17,500 years to travel this distance
| ||
1016 | 10 Pm | 3.2616 light-years (3.08568×1016 m = 30.8568 Pm) |
1 parsec |
4.22 light-years = 39.9 Pm | distance to nearest star (Proxima Centauri) | ||
10.4 light-years = 98.4 Pm | as of September 2007, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet (Epsilon Eridani b)
| ||
1017 | 100 Pm | 20.4 light-years = 193 Pm | as of October 2010, distance to nearest discovered extrasolar planet with potential to support life as we know it (Gliese 581 d) |
65 light-years = 6.15×1017 m = 615 Pm | approximate radius of humanity's radio bubble, caused by high-power TV broadcasts leaking through the atmosphere into outer space
| ||
1018 | 1 exametre (Em) | 200 light-years = 1.9 Em | distance to nearby solar twin (HIP 56948), a star with properties virtually identical to our Sun [19]
|
1019 | 10 Em | 1,000 light-years = 9.46 Em or 9.46 × 1015 km | average thickness of Milky Way Galaxy[20] (1000 to 3000 ly by 21 cm observations[21])
|
1020 | 100 Em | 12,000 light-years = 113.5 Em or 1.135 × 1017 km | thickness of Milky Way Galaxy's gaseous disk[22]
|
1021 | 1 zettametre (Zm) | 100,000 light-years | diameter of galactic disk of Milky Way Galaxy[2] |
50 kiloparsecs | distance to SN 1987A, the most recent naked eye supernova | ||
52 kiloparsecs = 1.6×1021 m = 1.6 Zm | distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (a dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way) | ||
54 kiloparsecs = 1.66 Zm | distance to the Small Magellanic Cloud (another dwarf galaxy orbiting the Milky Way)
| ||
1022 | 10 Zm | 22.3 Zm = 2.36 million light-years = 725 kiloparsecs |
distance to Andromeda Galaxy |
50 Zm (1.6 Mpc) | diameter of Local Group of galaxies
| ||
1023 | 100 Zm | 300–600 Zm = 10–20 megaparsecs | distance to Virgo cluster of galaxies
|
1024 | 1 yottametre (Ym) | 200 million light-years = 2 Ym = 60 megaparsecs |
diameter of the Local Supercluster and the largest voids and filaments. |
550 million light-years ~170 megaparsecs ~5 Ym |
diameter of the enormous Horologium Supercluster [23]
| ||
1025 | 10 Ym | 1.37 billion light years = 1.3×1025 m = 13 Ym |
Length of the Sloan Great Wall, a giant wall of galaxies (galactic filament.[24]
|
1026 | 100 Ym | 1×1010 light-years = 1026 m = 100 Ym |
estimated light travel distance to certain quasars |
92×109 light years = 9.2×1026 m = 920 Ym |
approx. diameter (comoving distance) of the visible universe[2] | ||
1027 | 1000 Ym | ~250 billion light years = 2.4×1027 m = 2400 Ym |
According to one estimate using the WMAP data,[25] it can be said with 95% confidence that there is a lower limit of 21 particle horizon size patches in the universe. |
Ym | megaparsecs = m = Ym |
size of universe after cosmological inflation, implied by one resolution of the No-Boundary Proposal[26] |
Sien ook
- Posisie van die Aarde in die heelal
- Powers of Ten, a 1977 short documentary film which depicts the relative scale of the Universe in factors of ten.
Notas
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 The exact category (asteroid, dwarf planet or planet) to which particular solar system objects belong, has been subject to some revision since the discovery of extrasolar planets and trans-Neptunian objects
Verwysings
- ↑ According to The Physics Factbook, the diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 µm. Ley, Brian (1999). "Width of a Human Hair". The Physics Factbook.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Cliff Burgess (November 2007). "The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride". Scientific American (print). Scientific American, Inc. p. 55.
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geïgnoreer (hulp) - ↑ Carl R. Nave. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". Besoek op 4 Desember 2008. (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective radius of about 2 × 10−23 m)
- ↑ New Scientist – Our world may be a giant hologram
- ↑ NIST. CODATA Value: classical electron radius. Retrieved 2009-02-10
- ↑ H. E. Smith. "The Scale of the Universe". UCSD. Besoek op 10 Februarie 2009.
~10-13cm
- ↑ Mark Winter (2008). "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements / Sulfur / Radii". Besoek op 6 Desember 2008.
- ↑ Flahaut, E. (2003). "Gram-Scale CCVD Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes". Chemical Communications. 12 (12): 1442–1443. doi:10.1039/b301514a. PMID 12841282. Besoek op 14 November 2008.
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geïgnoreer (hulp) - ↑ Cohn, J. University of California, Berkeley Lyman alpha systems and cosmology. Retrieved 2009-02-21
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Color
- ↑ "Through the Microscope: Blood Cells - Life's Blood". Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health. Besoek op 13 September 2011.
- ↑ DNA From The Beginning, Classical Genetics, section 6: Genes are real things., "Animation" section, final slide
- ↑ "Animal Records". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Besoek op 29 Mei 2007.
- ↑ Thomas, P. C. (2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature. 437 (7056): 224–226. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..224T. doi:10.1038/nature03938. PMID 16148926.
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geïgnoreer (hulp) - ↑ Spacecraft escaping the Solar System
- ↑ http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/09/24/twin.keck.telescopes.probe.dual.dust.disks
- ↑ Shiga, David. "Sun's 'twin' an ideal hunting ground for alien life". New Scientist. Besoek op 3 Oktober 2007.
- ↑ Christian, Eric; Samar, Safi-Harb. "How large is the Milky Way?". Besoek op 14 November 2008.
- ↑ Duncan, Martin (2008). "Physics 216 – Introduction to Astrophysics" (PDF). Besoek op 14 November 2008.
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ignored (hulp) - ↑ "Milky Way fatter than first thought". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 20 Februarie 2008. Besoek op 14 November 2008.
- ↑ http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc/hor.html The Horologium Supercluster
- ↑ J. R. Gott III et al., Astrophys. J., 624, 463 (2005). Figure 8 – "Logarithmic Maps of the Universe" – is available as a poster from the homepage of Mario Juric.
- ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605709v2 How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?
- ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0610199 "Susskind's Challenge to the Hartle-Hawking No-Boundary Proposal and Possible Resolutions "
External links
- How Big Are Things? displays orders of magnitude in successively larger rooms
- Powers of Ten Travel across the Universe. Altering perspective by changing scale by just a few powers of ten (interactive)
- Cosmos – an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos – from Digital Nature Agency