Gis: Verskil tussen weergawes
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Wysiging soos op 10:06, 7 September 2015
Giste is eukariotiese mikro-organismes (enkel sel organismes) wat deel form van die swam koningkryk met so 1,500 species geidentifiseer[1] en word geskat dat hulle is so 1% van alle swammspesies is.[2] Alhoewel giste enkelsel organismes is kan sekere spesies kettings vorm waar die onhavhangklike selle nie skei na budding en pseudohyphae bestaan.[3]
Die groote van 'n gis sel vertoon baie variasie en is anfhngklik van die gis spesie an die omgewing. Dit kan so 3–4 µm diameter wees alheowel sekere giste kan tot 40 µm groei.[4] Die meeste giste vermeerder deur 'n asimmetriiese verdeling process wat as budding bekend staan.
Giste is nie 'n enkele taksonomiese eenheid maar eerder 'n groep organismes wat soortgelyke voorkoms het. Die woord "gis" is gereeld gebruik as 'n sinoniem vir Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[5] maar die giste kan in een van twee aparte phyla: geplaas word, die Ascomycota of die Basidiomycota. Die budding giste ("ware giste") is onder die orde Saccharomycetales geplaas.[6]
Geskiedenis
Die woord "gis" kom van die ou engelse woord gist, gyst, en van Indo-Europease stam yes-, wat beteken "kook", "skuim", of "borrel"'.[7] In 1680, het Anton van Leeuwenhoek vir die eerste keer gis onder 'n mikroskoop bewaar. Maar hy het hulle nie as lewendige organismes beskou maar eder as ronde strukture.[8] In 1857, het Louis Pasteur in sy werk "Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique" bewys dat alkoholiese fermentasie is as gevolg van lewendige giste en nie 'n chemiese katalis is nie.[9][10] Pasteur he ook bewys dat deur suurstof in die media te borrel kan die selle groei, en die fermentasie process word verhoed - die verskynsel was later die "Pasteur effek" genoem.
Groei
Giste het organiese vastestowwe nodig as 'n energie bron en hulle het nie die vermoe om sonlig as 'n energie bron gebruik om te groei nie. Koolstof is hoofsaaklik vanaf eenvoudige suikers gekry soos by voorbeeld glucose, fructose, of disaccharides soos sucrose and maltose. Giste is fakalief anaerobies en hulle kan sonder suurstof groei as daar lipiede in die vorm van vryevetsure and sterole in die medium beskikbaar is. Giste verkies 'n neutraale of effens suur pH omgewing vir groei.
Ekologie
Giste is wydverspreid in die omgewing bewaar, en is dikwels vanaf suiker-ryke voedsels geisoleer, by vooerbeeld vanaf die skil van vrugte of nektaar. Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.[11][12] The ecological function and biodiversity of yeasts are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.[13] Yeasts, including Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, Torulopsis and Trichosporon cutaneum, have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.[14] Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects[15] and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.[16][17]
Vermeerdering
1. Budding
2. konjugasie
3. Sporulasie
Gebruike
Alkoholiese drankies
Alkoholiese drankies bevat etanol (C2H5OH), en die etanol is amper altyd deur fermentasie gevorm – (die afbraak van koolhidrate deur sekere giste onder anaerobiese of lae-suurstof kondisies. Drankies soos mead, wyn, bier, or gedistilleerde alkohol gebruik almal gis in die produksie proses.
References
- ↑ Kurtzman CP, Fell JW. (2006). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "YeastRef1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kurtzman CP, Piškur J. (2006). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Kurtzman2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Kurtzman1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. (2002). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Walker" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kurtzman CP (1994). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Kurtzman1994" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "What are yeasts?" Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "YeastRef2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Appendix I: Indo-European Roots". Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Bartleby2000" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Huxley A (1871). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "YeastRef11" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Phillips T. "Planets in a bottle: more about yeast". Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "NASA" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Barnett JA. (2003). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Barnett2003" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Suh SO, McHugh JV, Pollock DD, Blackwell M. (2005). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Suh2005" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Sláviková E, Vadkertiová R. (2003). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Slavikova2003" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Herrera C, Pozo MI. (2010). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Herrera2002" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Oyeka CA, Ugwu LO. (2002). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Oyeka2002" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Martini A. (1992). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Martini1992" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Bass D, Howe A, Brown N, Barton H, Demidova M, Michelle H, Li L, Sanders H, Watkinson SC, Willcock S, Richards TA. (2007). Verwysingfout: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Bass2007" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kutty, S. N.; Philip, R. (2008). "Marine yeasts—a review" (PDF). Yeast. 25 (7): 465–483. doi:10.1002/yea.1599. PMID 18615863.
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