Wys bron van Galaktiese filament

[[Lêer:Nearsc.gif|duimnael|400px|Die heelal binne 500&nbsp;miljoen ligjare van die [[Aarde]] af wat die naaste galaktiese mure aandui.]]
'''Galaktiese filamente''' (ook genoem '''superswermkomplekse''', '''groot mure''' of '''groot aantrekkers''')<ref name="2001ASPC..232..108C">R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups – A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; {{bibcode|2001ASPC..232..108C}}</ref><ref name="astro-ph/9602090"> Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Vladimir N. Lukash; "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars"; {{arXiv|astro-ph/9602090}} ; {{bibcode|1996astro.ph..2090K}} ;</ref> is die grootste bekende strukture in die waarneembare [[heelal]]. Hulle is massiewe, stringagtige formasies met ’n tipiese lengte van 50 tot 80 [[parsek|megaparsek]] wat die grense skep tussen groot leemtes in die heelal.<ref>Bharadwaj, Somnath; Bhavsar, Suketu; Sheth, Jatush V. [http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/606/1/25/pdf/17107.web.pdf The Size of the Longest Filaments in the Universe]. Astrophys.J. 606 (2004) 25-31</ref> Filamente bestaan uit [[sterrestelsel]]s wat deur swaartekrag gebind word; dele waar ’n groot aantal stelsels baie na aan mekaar lê (in kosmiese terme) word [[superswerm]]s genoem.

Die ontdekking van strukture groter as superswerms het in die 1980's begin. In 1987 het die sterrekundige R. Brent Tully van die [[Universiteit van Hawaii]] se Sterrekunde-instituut waargeneem wat hy die "Pisces-Cetus-superswermkompleks" genoem het. In 1989 is die [[Groot Muur (sterrekunde)|Groot Muur]] ontdek,<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/246/4932/897 M. J. Geller & J. P. Huchra, ''Science'' '''246''', 897 (1989).]</ref> gevolg deur die [[Groot Muur van Sloan]] in 2003.<ref>Sky and Telescope, [http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3308301.html?page=1&c=y "Refining the Cosmic Recipe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309153138/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3308301.html?page=1&c=y |date= 9 Maart 2012 }}, 14 November 2003</ref> Op 11 Januarie 2013 het navorsers onder leiding van Roger Clowes van die Universiteit van Sentraal-Lancashire die ontdekking aangekondig van ’n groot kwasargroep, die [[U1.27]], wat voorheen ontdekte filamante verdwerg het met sy grootte.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |url=http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/01/11/largest-structure-in-universe-discovered/ |title=Largest structure in universe discovered |date=11 Januarie 2013 |publisher=Fox News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150437/http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/01/11/largest-structure-in-universe-discovered/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In November 2013 het sterrekundiges danksy [[gammaflits]]e die [[Groot Muur in Hercules-Corona Borealis]], ’n moontlike enorme filament, ontdek. As dit bestaan, sal dit meer as 10&nbsp;miljard ligjare lank wees.<ref name=2014paper>{{cite journal | arxiv=1401.0533 | bibcode=2014A&A...561L..12H | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...561L..12H | title=Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two | accessdate=24 Januarie 2014 | last1=Horvath | first1=Istvan | last2=Hakkila | first2=Jon | last3=Bagoly | first3=Zsolt | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | date=2014 | volume=561 | pages=id.L12 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201323020 | issue=}}</ref><ref name=original>{{cite journal|last = Horvath I., Hakkila J., and Bagoly Z. |first = |title = The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts|journal =7th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, GRB 2013: paper 33 in eConf Proceedings C1304143 |volume = 1311|issue = |pages = 1104|date = 2013|doi = |arxiv=1311.1104|bibcode =   2013arXiv1311.1104H|last2 = Hakkila|first2 = J.|last3 = Bagoly|first3 = Z.}}</ref><ref name=conundrum>{{cite web |last=Klotz |first=Irene |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/galaxies/universes-largest-structure-is-a-cosmic-conundrum-131119.htm |title=Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum |date=19 November 2013 |publisher=discovery |access-date=22 November 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516172545/http://news.discovery.com/space/galaxies/universes-largest-structure-is-a-cosmic-conundrum-131119.htm |archive-date=16 Mei 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Lys ==
Drie soorte galaktiese filamente word onderskei:
=== Filamente ===
Hul lang en kort as is min of meer ewe lank.
* [[Coma-filament]]; deel van die Groot Muur<ref>The Astronomical Journal, 115:1745-1777, 1998 Mei; [http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/115/5/1745/970234.text.html The Star Formation Properties Of Disk Galaxies: Hα Imaging Of Galaxies In The Coma Supercluster]</ref>
* [[Perseus-Pegasus-filament]] (1985); verbind aan die [[Pisces-Cetus-superswermkompleks]] en bevat die [[Perseus-Pisces-superswerm]]<ref>'Astrophysical Journal', Part 1 ({{ISSN|0004-637X}}), vol. 299, 1 Desember 1985, bl. 5-14. "A possible 300 megaparsec filament of clusters of galaxies in Perseus-Pegasus" ''12/1985'' {{bibcode|1985ApJ...299....5B}}</ref>
* [[Ursa Major-filament]]
* [[Lynx-Ursa Major-filament]] (1999); verbind aan maar nie deel van die [[Lynx-Ursa Major-superswerm]] nie<ref name=ApJSv121i2>'The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series', vol. 121, uitg. 2, ble. 445-472. "Photometric Properties of Kiso Ultraviolet-Excess Galaxies in the Lynx-Ursa Major Region" ''04/1999'' {{bibcode|1999ApJS..121..445T}}</ref>
* z=2.38-filament om protoswerm ClG J2143-4423 (2004); ’n filament so lank soos die Groot Muur<ref>Nasa, [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2004/0107filament.html Giant Galaxy String Defies Models Of How Universe Evolved] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806065748/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2004/0107filament.html |date= 6 Augustus 2008 }}, 7 Januarie 2004</ref><ref>'The Astrophysical Journal', vol. 602, uitg. 2, ble. 545-554. The Distribution of Lyα-Emitting Galaxies at z=2.38 ''02/2004'' {{bibcode|2004ApJ...602..545P}} {{DOI|10.1086/381145}}</ref>

=== Mure ===
Dié soort galaktiese filamente se lang as is aansienlik langer as die kort as.

* [[Groot CfA2-muur]] ook Comamuur of net Groot Muur (1989); die eerste supergroot struktuur wat ontdek is; bevat die [[Coma-superswerm]]<ref name=SLSS-SDSS /><ref>'Scientific American', vol. 280, No. 6, bl. 30-37 {{PDF|[http://cosmos.phy.tufts.edu/~zirbel/ast21/sciam/MappingUniverse.pdf '''Mapping the Universe''']|1.43&nbsp;MB}} ''06/1999'' {{bibcode|1999SciAm.280f..30L}}</ref>
* [[Groot Muur van Sloan]] (2005); tot Januarie 2013 die grootste bekendse ruimtestruktuur<ref name=SLSS-SDSS>Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. vol. 6 (2006), No. 1, 35–42 {{PDF|[http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1009-9271/6/1/004/chjaa_6_1_004.pdf Super-Large-Scale Structures in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey]}}</ref>
* [[Sculptormuur]], ook Suidelike Groot Muur; parallel met die Fornaxmuur en loodreg tot die [[Grusmuur]]<ref name=LzLSS>Unveiling large-scale structures behind the Milky Way. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 67; Proceedings of a workshop at the Observatoire de Paris-Meudon; 18–21 Januarie 1994; San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP); c1994; red. Chantal Balkowski en R.C. Kraan-Korteweg, bl. 21 ; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994ASPC...67...21F Visualization of Nearby Large-Scale Structures] ; Fairall, A.P., Paverd, W.R., & Ashley, R.P. ; 1994ASPC...67...21F</ref><ref name=LSSg />
* [[Grusmuur]]; loodreg tot die Fornax- en die Sculptormuur<ref name=LSSg>'Astrophysics and Space Science', vol. 230, uitg. 1-2, bl. 225-235 Large-Scale Structures in the Distribution of Galaxies ''08/1995'' {{bibcode|1995Ap&SS.230..225F}}</ref>
* [[Fornaxmuur]]; bevat die [[Fornax-sterrestelselswerm]]; parallel met die Sculptormuur en loodreg tot die Grusmuur<ref name=LzLSS /><ref name=LSSg />
* ’n Groot Muur van Centaurus (of Fornax of Virgo) is voorgestel, wat ons eie [[Virgo-superswerm]], ook bekend as die Lokale Superswerm, insluit (wat daarop dui dat dit die "Lokale Groot Muur" sou wees)<ref name=LzLSS /><ref name=LSSg />
* ’n Groot muur is voorgestel om die tuiste van die [[Groot Aantrekker]] te wees, met die [[Norma-sterrestelselswerm]] as deel daarvan; dit word ook die "Groot Aantrekker-muur" genoem<ref>World Science, [http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/exclusives-nfrm/060419_attractor.htm Wall of galaxies tugs on ours, astronomers find] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028183148/http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/exclusives-nfrm/060419_attractor.htm |date=28 Oktober 2007 }} 19 April 2006</ref>
* ’n Muur is in 2000 voorgestel wat naby die radiostelsel B3 0003+387 lê<ref>'The Astronomical Journal', vol. 120, uitg. 5, bl. 2331–2337. B3 0003+387: AGN-Marked Large-Scale Structure at Redshift 1.47? ''11/2000'' {{bibcode|2000AJ....120.2331T}} {{DOI|10.1086/316827}}</ref>
* ’n Groot muur is in 2000 voorgestel wat in die noordelike [[Hubble-diepveld]] lê<ref>FermiLab, [http://www.spaceref.ca/news/viewpr.html?pid=634 Astronomers Find Wall of Galaxies Traversing the Hubble Deep Field] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523180805/http://www.spaceref.ca/news/viewpr.html?pid=634 |date=23 Mei 2016 }}, DARPA, 24 Januarie 2000</ref><ref>'The Astronomical Journal', vol. 119, uitg. 6, bl. 2571–2582 ; [http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/119/6/2571/990560.text.html QSOS and Absorption-Line Systems surrounding the Hubble Deep Field] ; ''06/2000'' ; {{DOI|10.1086/301404}} ; {{bibcode|2000AJ....119.2571V}} ;</ref>
* [[Groot Muur in Hercules-Corona Borealis]], in November 2013 ontdek; moontlik die grootste struktuur in die heelal

=== Groot kwasargroepe ===
Dit is van die grootste strukture bekend in die [[heelal]].<ref name="10.1093/mnras/sts497" />
* [[Clowes-Campusano-GKG]], ook bekend as U1.28. Dit was die grootste bekende struktuur in die heelal tot met die ontdekking van U1.11.
* [[U1.11]]; was die grootste bekende struktuur tot met die ontdekking van die Groot GKG.
* [[Groot GKG]], ook bekend as U1.27. Dit was die grootste bekende struktuur in die heelal tot met die ontdekking van die [[Groot Muur in Hercules-Corona Borealis]] 'n jaar later.

== Sien ook ==
* [[Superswerm]]
* [[Portaal:Sterrekunde|Sterrekundeportaal]]

== Verwysings ==
{{Verwysings|2}}

== Eksterne skakels ==
* [http://pil.phys.uniroma1.it/twiki/bin/view/Pil/GalaxyStructures: Foto's van die filamente-netwerk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074618/http://pil.phys.uniroma1.it/twiki/bin/view/Pil/GalaxyStructures: |date=10 April 2016 }}
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/superc.html Atlas of the Universe: Lys van nabygeleë superswerms]
* [[Lêer:Crystal txt.png|15px]] Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die [[:en:Galaxy filament|Engelse Wikipedia]]

== Verdere leesstof ==
* arXiv, {{PDF|1=[http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AS05006.pdf Pulling out Threads from the Cosmic Tapestry:Defining Filaments of Galaxies]}}, Kevin A. Pimbblet, 14 Maart 2005
{{Sterrestelsels}}

[[Kategorie:Galaktiese filamente| ]]