Veroudering: Verskil tussen weergawes

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Die oorsake van veroudering is onseker; huidige teorieë sluit veral die begrip "skade" in waardeur die ophoping van skade (soos [[DNS]]-[[oksidasie]]) kan veroorsaak dat [[biologie]]se stelsels faal, of die begrip "geprogrammeerde veroudering" waardeur interne prosesse soos DNS-[[Metiel|metilasie]] veroudering veroorsaak.
Die oorsake van veroudering is onseker; huidige teorieë sluit veral die begrip "skade" in waardeur die ophoping van skade (soos [[DNS]]-[[oksidasie]]) kan veroorsaak dat [[biologie]]se stelsels faal, of die begrip "geprogrammeerde veroudering" waardeur interne prosesse soos DNS-[[Metiel|metilasie]] veroudering veroorsaak.

==Uitwerking==
[[Beeld:Senescence.JPG|thumb|180px|Ouer mense se groter [[neus]]e en [[Oor|ore]] word soms toegskryf aan die voortgesette groei van [[kraakbeen]], maar die oorsaak is waarskynliker [[swaartekrag]].<ref name=Guardian2013>{{Cite news|title=Big ears: they really do grow as we age |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2013/jul/17/big-ears-grow-as-we-age|access-date=9 September 2016|date=July 2013|id=MeshID:D000375; OMIM:502000| authors = Moss S |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>]]
[[Beeld:Alzheimer's disease brain comparison.jpg|thumb|220px|’n Vergelyking tussen ’n brein wat normaalweg verouder het (links) en ’n brein wat deur [[Alzheimer se siekte]] aangetas is (regs).]]

Verskeie kenmerkende verouderingsimptome kom gedurende hulle leeftyd by die meeste of baie mense voor.
* Tieners verloor ’n jong kind se vermoë om hoëfrekwensieklanke bo 20&nbsp;kHz te hoor.<ref name=HiFreqAudiometry2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodríguez Valiente A, Trinidad A, García Berrocal JR, Górriz C, Ramírez Camacho R | title = Extended high-frequency (9-20 kHz) audiometry reference thresholds in 645 healthy subjects | journal = International Journal of Audiology | volume = 53 | issue = 8 | pages = 531–45 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24749665 | doi = 10.3109/14992027.2014.893375 | s2cid = 30960789 }}</ref>
* [[Plooi]]e ontwikkel, veral op dele wat aan die son blootgestel word (soos die gesig).<ref name="Thurstan 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thurstan SA, Gibbs NK, Langton AK, Griffiths CE, Watson RE, Sherratt MJ | title = Chemical consequences of cutaneous photoageing | journal = Chemistry Central Journal | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 34 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22534143 | pmc = 3410765 | doi = 10.1186/1752-153X-6-34 }}</ref>
* Nadat vroulike [[vrugbaarheid]] in die middel 20's ’n hoogtepunt bereik het, neem dit af.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0076677/|title=Infertility: Overview|last=pmhdev|date=25 March 2015|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|via=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>
* Ná 30 jaar neem die menslike liggaamsmassa af.<ref name="Age dynamics">{{cite journal| vauthors = Gerasimov IG, Ignatov DY |title=Age Dynamics of Body Mass and Human Lifespan| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology | volume = 40 | issue = 3| pages = 343–349|year=2004| doi = 10.1023/B:JOEY.0000042639.72529.e1|s2cid=9070790|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226729610}}</ref>
* [[Spier]]e reageer minder op oefening of besering, en verlies aan spiermassa en {{nowrap|-krag}} is algemeen.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS | title = Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness | journal = Biogerontology | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 213–28 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18299960 | doi = 10.1007/s10522-008-9131-0 | s2cid = 8576449 }}</ref>
* ’n Groter risiko kom by mense bo 35 voor dat die krag in die siliêre spier (die kringspier van die straalvormige liggaam in die oog) afneem, wat kan lei tot probleme om op nabye voorwerpe te fokus ([[versiendheid]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts About Presbyopia|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/presbyopia|publisher=National Eye Institute|access-date=11 September 2016|location=Besoek in Oktober 2010}}</ref><ref name="Weale 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weale RA | title = Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia | journal = Survey of Ophthalmology | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 515–43 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14499819 | doi = 10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00086-9 }}</ref> Die meeste mense ondervind versiendheid teen 45 tot 50 jaar.<ref name="Truscott 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Truscott RJ | title = Presbyopia. Emerging from a blur towards an understanding of the molecular basis for this most common eye condition | journal = Experimental Eye Research | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 241–7 | date = Februarie 2009 | pmid = 18675268 | doi = 10.1016/j.exer.2008.07.003 }}</ref>
* Om en by 50 jaar begin [[Haar|hare]] grys word.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pandhi D, Khanna D | title = Premature graying of hair | journal = Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 641–53 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23974581 | doi = 10.4103/0378-6323.116733 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Omtrent 30% tot 50% van [[man]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamilton JB | title = Patterned loss of hair in man; types and incidence | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 708–28 | date = Maart 1951 | pmid = 14819896 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31971.x | bibcode = 1951NYASA..53..708H }}</ref> en ’n kwart van vroue<ref name=Var2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vary JC | title = Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 99 | issue = 6 | pages = 1195–211 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26476248 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 }}</ref> begin hare op dele van die kop verloor.
* [[Menopouse]] kom tussen gemiddeld 44 en 58 jaar voor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morabia A, Costanza MC | title = International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 148 | issue = 12 | pages = 1195–205 | date = Desember 1998 | pmid = 9867266 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609 }}</ref>
* In die ouderdomsgroep 60 tot 64 styg die voorkoms van [[osteoartritis]] tot 53%. Net 20% rapporteer egter op dié ouderdom stremmende osteoartritis.<ref name="Thomas2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas E, Peat G, Croft P | title = Defining and mapping the person with osteoarthritis for population studies and public health | journal = Rheumatology | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 338–45 | date = Februarie 2014 | pmid = 24173433 | pmc = 3894672 | doi = 10.1093/rheumatology/ket346 }}</ref>
* Amper die helfte van mense bo 75 jaar ervaar [[gehoor]]verlies, wat gesproke kommunikasie kan belemmer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hearing Loss and Older Adults|url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing-loss-older-adults|publisher=National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders|access-date=11 September 2016|format=Laas bygewerk op 3 Junie 2016|date=2016-01-26}}</ref>
* Teen 80-jarige ouderdom het meer as die helfte van Amerikaners ’n [[katarak]].<ref name=NIH2009>{{cite web|title=Facts About Cataract|url=https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cataract/cataract_facts|access-date=14 Augustus 2016|date=September 2015}}</ref>
* Tingerigheid, ’n gevolg van ’n afname in krag, fisieke aktiwiteit en energie, raak 25% van mense ouer as 85.<ref name=Fried_2001>{{cite journal | authors = Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype | journal = The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = M146-56 | date = Maart 2001 | pmid = 11253156 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.456.139 }}</ref><ref>Persentasie verkry uit Tabel 2 in Fried et al. 2001</ref>
* [[Aterosklerose]] word as ’n ouderdomsiekte geklassifiseer.<ref name="Wang 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang JC, Bennett M | title = Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 111 | issue = 2 | pages = 245–59 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22773427 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388 }}</ref> Dit lei tot [[hartbloedvatsiekte]]s (soos [[beroerte]] en [[hartaanval]]le),<ref name="Wang 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Herrington W, Lacey B, Sherliker P, Armitage J, Lewington S | title = Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 118 | issue = 4 | pages = 535–46 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26892956 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611 }}</ref> wat wêreldwyd die algemeenste oorsaak van die dood is.<ref>{https://laysamagazine.com/pdf/heart-disease-stroke-statistics/}|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Die veroudering van [[Aar|are]] veroorsaak ’n verlies aan elastisiteit en veroosaak ’n styfheid van die liggaam se bloedvatnetwerk.<ref name="Wang 2012"/>

[[Demensie]] kom algemeen by ouer mense voor.<ref name=Larson2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Larson EB, Yaffe K, Langa KM | title = New insights into the dementia epidemic | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 369 | issue = 24 | pages = 2275–7 | date = Desember 2013 | pmid = 24283198 | pmc = 4130738 | doi = 10.1056/nejmp1311405 }}</ref> Sowat 3% van mense tussen 65 en 74, 19% tussen 75 en 84, en byna die helfte van mense ouer as 85 jaar het demensie.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Umphred|first1=Darcy| name-list-format = vanc |title=Neurological rehabilitation|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|isbn=978-0-323-07586-2|page=838|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ltC-ZrNOMC&pg=PA838}}</ref> Die spektrum wissel van ligte kognitiewe belemmering tot die neurodegeneratiewe siektes [[Alzheimer se siekte]], [[serebrovaskulêre siekte]], [[Parkinson se siekte]] en [[motorneuronsiekte]]. Baie soorte geheue neem ook af met die ouderdom, maar nie [[Semantiek|semantiese geheue]] (algemene kennis soos woorddefinisies) nie; dié neem toe of bly dieselfde tot laat in ’n mens se lewe.<ref name="Schaie2005">{{cite book|last1=Schaie|first1=K. Warner v|year=2005|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001|title=Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence|isbn=978-0-19-515673-7}}</ref> [[Intelligensie]] neem ook af, maar die tempo hang af van die soort en kan selfs dieselfde bly en net aan die einde van die leeftyd skielik afneem.

Ouderdom kan sigprobleme meebring en dit bemoeilik nieverbale kommunikasie,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Worrall L, Hickson LM | date = 2003 | chapter = Theoretical foundations of communication disability in aging | title = Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention | pages = 32–33 | veditors = Worrall L, Hickson LM | location = Clifton Park, NY | publisher = Delmar Learning }}</ref> wat weer kan lei tot afsondering en moontlik [[depressie]]. Dit lyk egter of ouer mense minder aan depressie ly as jonger volwassenes; oor die algemeen verbeter die gemoedstoestand, ondanks ’n afname in fisieke gesondheid.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lys R, Belanger E, Phillips SP | title = Improved mood despite worsening physical health in older adults: Findings from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) | journal = PLOS One | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = e0214988 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30958861 | pmc = 6453471 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0214988 | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1414988L }}</ref> Sigprobleme kan ook deur ander faktore veroosaak word, soos spieragteruitgang<ref name="Meh2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehta S | title = Age-Related Macular Degeneration | journal = Primary Care | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–91 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26319344 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 }}</ref> en groeisels om die [[retina]].<ref name="Nussbaum, J. F. 1989">{{cite book | vauthors = Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD | date = 1989 | chapter = Barriers to conversation | pages = 234–53 | veditors = Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD | title = Communication and aging | location = New York | publisher = Harper & Row }}</ref>

Veroudering is die grootste risikofaktor vir siektes.<ref name="Aleksey V 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Belikov AV | title = Age-related diseases as vicious cycles | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 49 | pages = 11–26 | date = Januarie 2019 | pmid = 30458244 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002 | s2cid = 53567141 }}</ref> Van die rofweg 150&nbsp;000 mense wat jaarliks wêreldwyd sterf, sterf omtrent twee derdes (100&nbsp;000 mense per dag) aan ouderdomsverwante siektes. In nywerheidslande is die persentasie hoër: tot 90%.<ref name="de Grey 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011 |title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations |year=2007 |last1=De Grey |first1=Aubrey D.N.J | name-list-format = vanc |journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology |volume=1|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.745 }}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ | title = Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data | journal = Lancet | volume = 367 | issue = 9524 | pages = 1747–57 | date = Mei 2006 | pmid = 16731270 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 | s2cid = 22609505 }}</ref><ref>[https://stanford.edu/group/brunet/background.html Brunet Lab: Molecular Mechanisms of Longevity and Age Related Diseases]. Stanford.edu. Besoek op 11 April 2012.</ref>


==Verwysings==
==Verwysings==
{{Verwysings}}
{{Verwysings|3}}


==Skakels==
==Skakels==

Wysiging soos op 12:09, 18 Oktober 2020

Deel van ’n reeks oor
Menslike groei
en ontwikkeling
Beeld van ’n fetus in die baarmoeder
Stadiums
Sigoot  • Embrio  • Fetus
 • Baba  • Peuter
 • Kind  • Adolessent  • Volwassene
Biologiese mylpale
Bevrugting  • Swangerskap  • Geboorte  • Taalverwerwing  • Puberteit  • Menopouse  • Veroudering  • Dood
Ontwikkeling en menslike sielkunde
Kind  • Volwassenheid  • Moraal
s • b • w

Veroudering is die proses van ouer word. By die mens verteenwoordig dit die stelselmatige akkumulasie van veranderings in die mens[1] en kan dit fisieke, sielkundige en sosiale veranderings insluit. Reaksietyd kan byvoorbeeld met veroudering stadiger raak, terwyl kennis oor wêreldgebeure en wysheid kan toeneem. Veroudering is die grootste bekende risikofaktor vir die meeste menslike siektes: Van die rofweg 150 000 sterftes wat elke dag wêreldwyd voorkom, is sowat twee derdes verwant aan ouderdom.

Die oorsake van veroudering is onseker; huidige teorieë sluit veral die begrip "skade" in waardeur die ophoping van skade (soos DNS-oksidasie) kan veroorsaak dat biologiese stelsels faal, of die begrip "geprogrammeerde veroudering" waardeur interne prosesse soos DNS-metilasie veroudering veroorsaak.

Uitwerking

Ouer mense se groter neuse en ore word soms toegskryf aan die voortgesette groei van kraakbeen, maar die oorsaak is waarskynliker swaartekrag.[2]
’n Vergelyking tussen ’n brein wat normaalweg verouder het (links) en ’n brein wat deur Alzheimer se siekte aangetas is (regs).

Verskeie kenmerkende verouderingsimptome kom gedurende hulle leeftyd by die meeste of baie mense voor.

  • Tieners verloor ’n jong kind se vermoë om hoëfrekwensieklanke bo 20 kHz te hoor.[3]
  • Plooie ontwikkel, veral op dele wat aan die son blootgestel word (soos die gesig).[4]
  • Nadat vroulike vrugbaarheid in die middel 20's ’n hoogtepunt bereik het, neem dit af.[5]
  • Ná 30 jaar neem die menslike liggaamsmassa af.[6]
  • Spiere reageer minder op oefening of besering, en verlies aan spiermassa en -krag is algemeen.[7]
  • ’n Groter risiko kom by mense bo 35 voor dat die krag in die siliêre spier (die kringspier van die straalvormige liggaam in die oog) afneem, wat kan lei tot probleme om op nabye voorwerpe te fokus (versiendheid).[8][9] Die meeste mense ondervind versiendheid teen 45 tot 50 jaar.[10]
  • Om en by 50 jaar begin hare grys word.[11] Omtrent 30% tot 50% van mans[12] en ’n kwart van vroue[13] begin hare op dele van die kop verloor.
  • Menopouse kom tussen gemiddeld 44 en 58 jaar voor.[14]
  • In die ouderdomsgroep 60 tot 64 styg die voorkoms van osteoartritis tot 53%. Net 20% rapporteer egter op dié ouderdom stremmende osteoartritis.[15]
  • Amper die helfte van mense bo 75 jaar ervaar gehoorverlies, wat gesproke kommunikasie kan belemmer.[16]
  • Teen 80-jarige ouderdom het meer as die helfte van Amerikaners ’n katarak.[17]
  • Tingerigheid, ’n gevolg van ’n afname in krag, fisieke aktiwiteit en energie, raak 25% van mense ouer as 85.[18][19]
  • Aterosklerose word as ’n ouderdomsiekte geklassifiseer.[20] Dit lei tot hartbloedvatsiektes (soos beroerte en hartaanvalle),[21] wat wêreldwyd die algemeenste oorsaak van die dood is.[22] Die veroudering van are veroorsaak ’n verlies aan elastisiteit en veroosaak ’n styfheid van die liggaam se bloedvatnetwerk.[20]

Demensie kom algemeen by ouer mense voor.[23] Sowat 3% van mense tussen 65 en 74, 19% tussen 75 en 84, en byna die helfte van mense ouer as 85 jaar het demensie.[24] Die spektrum wissel van ligte kognitiewe belemmering tot die neurodegeneratiewe siektes Alzheimer se siekte, serebrovaskulêre siekte, Parkinson se siekte en motorneuronsiekte. Baie soorte geheue neem ook af met die ouderdom, maar nie semantiese geheue (algemene kennis soos woorddefinisies) nie; dié neem toe of bly dieselfde tot laat in ’n mens se lewe.[25] Intelligensie neem ook af, maar die tempo hang af van die soort en kan selfs dieselfde bly en net aan die einde van die leeftyd skielik afneem.

Ouderdom kan sigprobleme meebring en dit bemoeilik nieverbale kommunikasie,[26] wat weer kan lei tot afsondering en moontlik depressie. Dit lyk egter of ouer mense minder aan depressie ly as jonger volwassenes; oor die algemeen verbeter die gemoedstoestand, ondanks ’n afname in fisieke gesondheid.[27] Sigprobleme kan ook deur ander faktore veroosaak word, soos spieragteruitgang[28] en groeisels om die retina.[29]

Veroudering is die grootste risikofaktor vir siektes.[30] Van die rofweg 150 000 mense wat jaarliks wêreldwyd sterf, sterf omtrent twee derdes (100 000 mense per dag) aan ouderdomsverwante siektes. In nywerheidslande is die persentasie hoër: tot 90%.[31][32][33]

Verwysings

  1. ↑ Bowen RL, Atwood CS (2004). "Living and dying for sex. A theory of aging based on the modulation of cell cycle signaling by reproductive hormones". Gerontology. 50 (5): 265–90. doi:10.1159/000079125. PMID 15331856. S2CID 18109386.
  2. ↑ Moss S (Julie 2013). "Big ears: they really do grow as we age". The Guardian. MeshID:D000375; OMIM:502000. Besoek op 9 September 2016.{{cite news}}: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (link)
  3. ↑ Rodríguez Valiente A, Trinidad A, García Berrocal JR, Górriz C, Ramírez Camacho R (Augustus 2014). "Extended high-frequency (9-20 kHz) audiometry reference thresholds in 645 healthy subjects". International Journal of Audiology. 53 (8): 531–45. doi:10.3109/14992027.2014.893375. PMID 24749665. S2CID 30960789.
  4. ↑ Thurstan SA, Gibbs NK, Langton AK, Griffiths CE, Watson RE, Sherratt MJ (April 2012). "Chemical consequences of cutaneous photoageing". Chemistry Central Journal. 6 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/1752-153X-6-34. PMC 3410765. PMID 22534143.
  5. ↑ pmhdev (25 Maart 2015). "Infertility: Overview". Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (hulp)
  6. ↑ Gerasimov IG, Ignatov DY (2004). "Age Dynamics of Body Mass and Human Lifespan". Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 40 (3): 343–349. doi:10.1023/B:JOEY.0000042639.72529.e1. S2CID 9070790.
  7. ↑ Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS (Augustus 2008). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness". Biogerontology. 9 (4): 213–28. doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9131-0. PMID 18299960. S2CID 8576449.
  8. ↑ "Facts About Presbyopia". Besoek in Oktober 2010: National Eye Institute. Besoek op 11 September 2016.{{cite web}}: AS1-onderhoud: plek (link)
  9. ↑ Weale RA (2003). "Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia". Survey of Ophthalmology. 48 (5): 515–43. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00086-9. PMID 14499819.
  10. ↑ Truscott RJ (Februarie 2009). "Presbyopia. Emerging from a blur towards an understanding of the molecular basis for this most common eye condition". Experimental Eye Research. 88 (2): 241–7. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2008.07.003. PMID 18675268.
  11. ↑ Pandhi D, Khanna D (2013). "Premature graying of hair". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 79 (5): 641–53. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.116733. PMID 23974581.
  12. ↑ Hamilton JB (Maart 1951). "Patterned loss of hair in man; types and incidence". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 53 (3): 708–28. Bibcode:1951NYASA..53..708H. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31971.x. PMID 14819896.
  13. ↑ Vary JC (November 2015). "Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (6): 1195–211. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003. PMID 26476248.
  14. ↑ Morabia A, Costanza MC (Desember 1998). "International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives". American Journal of Epidemiology. 148 (12): 1195–205. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609. PMID 9867266.
  15. ↑ Thomas E, Peat G, Croft P (Februarie 2014). "Defining and mapping the person with osteoarthritis for population studies and public health". Rheumatology. 53 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket346. PMC 3894672. PMID 24173433.
  16. ↑ "Hearing Loss and Older Adults" (Laas bygewerk op 3 Junie 2016). National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. 26 Januarie 2016. Besoek op 11 September 2016.
  17. ↑ "Facts About Cataract". September 2015. Besoek op 14 Augustus 2016.
  18. ↑ Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, McBurnie MA (Maart 2001). "Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype". The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 56 (3): M146-56. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.139. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146. PMID 11253156. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=6 (hulp)AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (link)
  19. ↑ Persentasie verkry uit Tabel 2 in Fried et al. 2001
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Wang JC, Bennett M (Julie 2012). "Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence". Circulation Research. 111 (2): 245–59. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388. PMID 22773427.
  21. ↑ Herrington W, Lacey B, Sherliker P, Armitage J, Lewington S (Februarie 2016). "Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease". Circulation Research. 118 (4): 535–46. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611. PMID 26892956.
  22. ↑ {https://laysamagazine.com/pdf/heart-disease-stroke-statistics/}%7Cbot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  23. ↑ Larson EB, Yaffe K, Langa KM (Desember 2013). "New insights into the dementia epidemic". The New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (24): 2275–7. doi:10.1056/nejmp1311405. PMC 4130738. PMID 24283198.
  24. ↑ Umphred, Darcy (2012). Neurological rehabilitation (6th uitg.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. p. 838. ISBN 978-0-323-07586-2. {{cite book}}: Onbekende parameter |name-list-format= geïgnoreer (hulp)
  25. ↑ Schaie, K. Warner v (2005). Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-515673-7.
  26. ↑ Worrall L, Hickson LM (2003). "Theoretical foundations of communication disability in aging". In Worrall L, Hickson LM (reds.). Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. pp. 32–33.
  27. ↑ Lys R, Belanger E, Phillips SP (April 2019). "Improved mood despite worsening physical health in older adults: Findings from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS)". PLOS One. 14 (4): e0214988. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1414988L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214988. PMC 6453471. PMID 30958861.
  28. ↑ Mehta S (September 2015). "Age-Related Macular Degeneration". Primary Care. 42 (3): 377–91. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009. PMID 26319344.
  29. ↑ Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD (1989). "Barriers to conversation". In Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD (reds.). Communication and aging. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 234–53.
  30. ↑ Belikov AV (Januarie 2019). "Age-related diseases as vicious cycles". Ageing Research Reviews. 49: 11–26. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.002. PMID 30458244. S2CID 53567141.
  31. ↑ De Grey, Aubrey D.N.J (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations". Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. 1. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.745. doi:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |name-list-format= geïgnoreer (hulp)
  32. ↑ Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (Mei 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data". Lancet. 367 (9524): 1747–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270. S2CID 22609505.
  33. ↑ Brunet Lab: Molecular Mechanisms of Longevity and Age Related Diseases. Stanford.edu. Besoek op 11 April 2012.

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