Gaan na inhoud

Jakobitisme

in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie

Jakobitisme (Engels: ˈ|dʒ|æ|k|ə|b|aɪ|ˌ|t|ɪ|z|əm; |JAK|ə|bye|tiz|əm Skots-Gaelies: Seumasachas) is die naam wat algemeen gebruik word vir die beweging wat die herstel van die Huis van Stuart op die Britse troon ondersteun het. Die naam is afgelei van Jakobus, die Latynse (en Afrikaanse) vorm van James.

Toe Jakobus II en VII na die 1688 Glorieryke Rewolusie in ballingskap gegaan het, het die Parlement van Engeland geargumenteer dat hy die Engelse troon deur sy optrede abandoneer het en dit aan sy Protestantse dogter Mary II en haar man Willem III verbeur het. [1] Die Skotse Konvensie van 1689 het beweer dat hy die troon van Skotland weens sy optrede verbeur het, welke gelys is in die griefskrif. [2] [3]

Die beginsel dat monarge legitimiteit van die Parlement verkry eerder as van God, of goddelike reg, het 'n belangrike ideologiese verskil tussen Jakobiete en hul teenstanders geword. Jakobitisme was egter 'n komplekse mengsel van idees, waarvan baie deur die Stuarts self beveg is en teenkanting uit hul geledere ontvang het; in Ierland het dit verdraagsaamheid teenoor Katolisisme beteken, wat Jakobus ondersteun het, maar ook Ierse outonomie en die omkering van die 17de eeuse landsnedersettings, welke hy teengestaan het. In 1745 het die Skotse Jakobiete die 1707 Union Act en goddelike reg teengestaan; Prins Charles het albei ondersteun.

Buite Ierland was Jakobitisme die sterkste teenwoordig in die westelike Skotse Hoogland, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire en in gebiede in Noord-Engeland met groot Katolieke bevolkings soos westelike Lancashire en Northumberland. Simpatiseerders is ook in dele van Wallis en in die West Midlands en Suid-Wes Engeland gevind, wat tot 'n mate oorvleuel het met die Rojalistiese bolwerke uit die era van die Engelse Burgeroorlog. Die beweging het ook 'n internasionale geur gehad; verskeie Europese moondhede het die Jakobiete bygestaan as 'n uitbreiding van groter konflikte, terwyl Jakobiet-ballinge in buitelandse leërs gedien het.

Benewens die 1689–1691 Willemiet-oorlog in Ierland en die gelyktydige Jakobiet-opstand van 1689; was daar ook Jakobiet opstande en onluste in Skotland en Engeland tydens die Jakobiet-opstande van 1715, 1719 en 1745; asook ongeslaagde Frans-gesteunde invalpogings in 1708 en 1744, en 'n aantal onsuksesvolle komplotte. Terwyl die opstand in 1745 vir 'n kort tyd 'n ernstige krisis vir die Britse staat ingehou het, wat gelei het tot die herroeping van Britse troepe uit Kontinentale Europa, het die ineenstorting daarvan en die terugtrekking van Franse steun in 1748 die Jakobitisme as 'n ernstige politieke beweging beëindig.

Verwysings

[wysig | wysig bron]
  1. Harris 2007, pp. 271–272.
  2. Barnes 1973, pp. 310-312.
  3. Ferguson 1994, p. 172.

Bronne

[wysig | wysig bron]
  • Barlett, Thomas (1993). "The Catholic Question in the Eighteenth Century". History Ireland. 1 (1). {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Barnes, Robert P. (1973). "James VII's Forfeiture of the Scottish Throne". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 5 (4). doi:10.2307/4048254.
  • Chambers, Liam (author), Binasco, Matteo (red) (2018). Rome and The Irish Mission at home in Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908. Palgrave Press. ISBN 978-3319959740. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (hulp); Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)
  • Charteris, Evan (1907). A Short Account of the Affairs of Scotland. David Douglas, Edinburgh. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Colley, Linda (1985). In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714-60. Cambridge UP. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Corp, Edward (2011). The Stuarts in Italy, 1719-1766. Cambridge UP. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Coward, Barry (1980). The Stuart Age 1603–1714. Longman. ISBN 978-0582488335. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Cruikshanks, Lauchlin Alexander (2008). The Act of Union: Death or Reprieve for the Highlands?. Wesleyan University. OCLC 705142720. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Doyle, Thomas (1997). "Jacobitism, Catholicism and the Irish Protestant Elite, 1700–1710". Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 12. JSTOR 30071383. {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Ferguson, William (1994). Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707. The Saltire Society. ISBN 978-0-85411-058-2. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Graham, Brian (ed.) (2002). In Search of Ireland: A Cultural Geography. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781134749188. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (hulp); Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Hayes, Richard (1949). "Ireland and Jacobitism". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 38 (149). {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • James, Francis Godwin (1979). "The Church of Ireland in the Early 18th Century". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 48 (4). {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Hamilton, Henry (1963). An economic history of Scotland in the Eighteenth century. Clarendon Press. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Harris, Tim (1993). Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660–1715. Longman. ISBN 978-0582040823. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Harris, Tim (2007). Revolution; the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720. Penguin. ISBN 978-0141016528. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Lenman, Bruce (1980). The Jacobite Risings in Britain 1689–1746. Methuen Publishing. ISBN 978-0413396501. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Lord, Evelyn (2004). The Stuart Secret Army: The Hidden History of the English Jacobites. Pearson. ISBN 978-0582772564. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Magennis, Eoin (1998). "A 'Beleaguered Protestant'?: Walter Harris and the Writing of Fiction Unmasked in Mid-18th-Century Ireland". Eighteenth-Century Ireland. 13. JSTOR 30064327. {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Melville Henry Massue (comp.). The Jacobite Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Grants of Honour. Edinburg: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1904.
  • McCormick, Ted (2014). Restoration Ireland, 1660–1688; in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History. OUP. ISBN 978-0198768210. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • McDonald, Alan (1998). The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: Sovereignty, Polity and Liturgy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1859283738. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • McCann, Jean E (1963). The Organisation of the Jacobite Army. PHD thesis Edinburgh University. OCLC 646764870. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • McLynn, Frank (1982). "Issues and Motives in the Jacobite Rising of 1745". The Eighteenth Century. 23 (2). JSTOR 41467263. {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Miller, John (1978). James II; A study in kingship. Menthuen. ISBN 978-0413652904. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Monod, Paul (1993). Jacobitism and the English People, 1688-1788. Cambridge UP. ISBN 9780521447935. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Morley, Vincent (2007). "The Continuity of Disaffection in Eighteenth-Century Ireland". Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 22.
  • O'Ciardha, Eamonn (2000). Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685-1766: A Fatal Attachment. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1851825349. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Pittock, Murray (1998). Jacobitism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333667989. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Pittock, Murray (1997). Inventing and Resisting Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Plank, Geoffrey (2005). Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812238983. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • The Lion in the North, John Prebble, Penguin Books 1973
  • Maritime Scotland, Brian Lavery, B. T. Batsford Ltd., 2001, ISBN 0-7134-8520-5
  • Mitchell, Albert (1937). "The Non-Jurors; 1688-1805". The Churchman. 51 (2). {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Scotland, A Concise History, Fitzroy Maclean, Thames and Hudson 1991, ISBN 0-500-27706-0
  • Bonnie Prince Charlie, Fitzroy Maclean, Canongate Books Ltd. 1989 ISBN 0-86241-568-3
  • Overton, JH (1902). The Nonjurors: Their Lives, Principles, and Writings (2018 uitg.). Wentworth Press. ISBN 9780530237329. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Riding, Jacqueline (2016). Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1408819128. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Rogers, Nicholas (1998). Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain. Oxford UP.
  • Shinsuke, Satsuma (2013). Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843838623. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Somerset, Anne (2012). Queen Anne; the Politics of Passion. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0007203765. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Stephen, Jeffrey (Januarie 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism". Journal of British Studies. 49 (1, Scottish Special). {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Strong, Rowan (2002). Episcopalianism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland: Religious Responses to a Modernizing Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199249220. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Szechi, Daniel (1994). The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 (First uitg.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719037740. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Szechi, Daniel; Sankey, Margaret (November 2001). "Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745". Past & Present. 173 (173): 90–128. doi:10.1093/past/173.1.90. JSTOR 3600841. {{cite journal}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • Yates, Nigel (2014). Eighteenth Century Britain: Religion and Politics 1714-1815. Routledge. {{cite book}}: Ongeldige |ref=harv (hulp)
  • The Myths of the Jacobite Clans, Murray G. H. Pittock, Edinburgh University Press 1995 ISBN 0-7486-0715-3
  • Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–60, Hannah Smith, Cambridge University Press 2006
  • The Material Culture of the Jacobites, Neil Guthrie, Cambridge University Press 2014 ISBN 9781107041332
  • Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 Rebellion. Preventing and Punishing Insurrection in Early Hanoverian Britain. Margaret Sankey, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, Hampshire, England 2005, ISBN 0-7546-3631-3.
  • Jacobitism and Anti-Jacobitism in the British Atlantic World, 1688–1727, David Parrish, (Studies in History New Series), 2017

Eksterne skakels

[wysig | wysig bron]