Fotografie: Verskil tussen weergawes
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==History of photography== |
==History of photography== |
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{{main|History of photography}} |
{{main|History of photography}} |
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[[Lêer:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Nicéphore Niépce's earliest surviving photograph, c. 1826. This image required an eight-hour exposure, which resulted in sunlight being visible on both sides of the buildings.]] |
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Modern photography can be traced to the 1820s with the development of chemical photography. The first permanent [[photograph]] was an image produced in 1826 by the [[France|French]] inventor [[Nicéphore Niépce]]. However, the picture took eight hours to [[exposure (photography)|expose]], so he went about trying to find a new process. Working in conjunction with [[Louis Daguerre]], they experimented with silver compounds based on a [[Johann Heinrich Schultz]] discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. Niépce died in 1833, but Daguerre continued the work, eventually culminating with the development of the [[daguerreotype]] in 1839. |
Modern photography can be traced to the 1820s with the development of chemical photography. The first permanent [[photograph]] was an image produced in 1826 by the [[France|French]] inventor [[Nicéphore Niépce]]. However, the picture took eight hours to [[exposure (photography)|expose]], so he went about trying to find a new process. Working in conjunction with [[Louis Daguerre]], they experimented with silver compounds based on a [[Johann Heinrich Schultz]] discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. Niépce died in 1833, but Daguerre continued the work, eventually culminating with the development of the [[daguerreotype]] in 1839. |
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===Black-and-white photography=== |
===Black-and-white photography=== |
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[[Lêer:Monochrome95 o.jpg|thumb|left|160px|"Casting Winds" - this black & white displays the classic monochrome look, as well as the use of simulated optical filtering ([[Wratten number|wratten]] #25) to enhance or diminish the rendering of certain light wavelengths.]] |
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All photography was originally monochrome, or ''[[black-and-white]]''. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic" photographic look. In modern times, black-and-white has mostly become a minority art form, and most photography has become color photography. |
All photography was originally monochrome, or ''[[black-and-white]]''. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic" photographic look. In modern times, black-and-white has mostly become a minority art form, and most photography has become color photography. |
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[[Color photography]] was explored beginning in the mid [[1800s]]. Early experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in [[1861]] by the physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]]. |
[[Color photography]] was explored beginning in the mid [[1800s]]. Early experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in [[1861]] by the physicist [[James Clerk Maxwell]]. |
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[[Lêer:Prokudin-Gorskii-12.jpg|thumb|Early color photograph taken by [[Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii|Prokudin-Gorskii]] (1915)]] |
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One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color [[filter (photography)|filter]] in front of the lens. This technique provides the [[photographer]] with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a [[darkroom]] or processing plant. Russian photographer [[Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii]] developed another technique, with three color plates taken in quick succession. |
One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color [[filter (photography)|filter]] in front of the lens. This technique provides the [[photographer]] with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a [[darkroom]] or processing plant. Russian photographer [[Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii]] developed another technique, with three color plates taken in quick succession. |
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{{main|Digital photography}} |
{{main|Digital photography}} |
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{{See also|Digital versus film photography}} |
{{See also|Digital versus film photography}} |
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[[Lêer:Coolscan-V.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Nikon]] [[digital camera]] and [[Film scanner|scanner]], which converts film images to digital]] |
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Traditional photography burdened [[photographers]] working at remote locations without easy access to processing facilities, and competition from television pressured photographers to deliver images to newspapers with greater speed. Photo journalists at remote locations often carried miniature photo labs and a means of transmitting images through telephone lines. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a [[charge-coupled device]] for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the [[Sony Mavica]]. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. In [[1990]], Kodak unveiled the [[DCS 100]], the first commercially available digital camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than [[photojournalism]] and professional photography, commercial [[digital photography]] was born. |
Traditional photography burdened [[photographers]] working at remote locations without easy access to processing facilities, and competition from television pressured photographers to deliver images to newspapers with greater speed. Photo journalists at remote locations often carried miniature photo labs and a means of transmitting images through telephone lines. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a [[charge-coupled device]] for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the [[Sony Mavica]]. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. In [[1990]], Kodak unveiled the [[DCS 100]], the first commercially available digital camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than [[photojournalism]] and professional photography, commercial [[digital photography]] was born. |
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===Photography as an art form=== |
===Photography as an art form=== |
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[[Lêer:Freak Out, Oblivion, night.jpg|200px|thumb|Manual [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]] control and [[exposure (photography)|exposure]] settings can achieve unusual results]] |
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[[Lêer:The Steerage 1907 Stieglitz Corrected.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Classic [[Alfred Stieglitz]] photograph, ''The Steerage'' shows unique aesthetic of black and white photos.]] |
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During the twentieth century, both [[fine art photography]] and [[documentary photography]] became accepted by the [[anglophone|English-speaking]] [[art]] world and the [[art gallery|gallery]] system. In the [[United States]], a handful of photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], [[John Szarkowski]], and [[Edward Weston]] the most prominent among them. |
During the twentieth century, both [[fine art photography]] and [[documentary photography]] became accepted by the [[anglophone|English-speaking]] [[art]] world and the [[art gallery|gallery]] system. In the [[United States]], a handful of photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], [[John Szarkowski]], and [[Edward Weston]] the most prominent among them. |
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Please do not add links to photo galleries and photographer communities here, nor any site selling photography related items. Wikipedia is not a link farm. If in doubt, discuss a proposed link on the talk page before adding it here. |
Please do not add links to photo galleries and photographer communities here, nor any site selling photography related items. Wikipedia is not a link farm. If in doubt, discuss a proposed link on the talk page before adding it here. |
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* [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P3_2_EN.html Instant Memories] — origins of amateur photography |
* [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P3_2_EN.html Instant Memories] — origins of amateur photography |
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* [http://www.photopermit.org PhotoPermit.org] — Copyright law for photographers |
* [http://www.photopermit.org PhotoPermit.org] — Copyright law for photographers |
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* http://fisheye.blogspirit.com/ |
* http://fisheye.blogspirit.com/ |
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Wysiging soos op 12:19, 15 Desember 2012
Fotografie is die tegniek om permanente beelde vas te vang en te genereer deur ligstimuli op fotosensitiewe materiaal vas te vang. Die ligpatrone word vasgevang deur die fotosensitiewe materiaal vir 'n kort oomblik aan die lig bloot te stel. Die proses word uitgevoer deur of meganies/chemiese of digitale toerusting, wat algemeen bekend staan as die kamera.
Die woord fotografie het ontstaan uit die Griekse woorde φως ("phos" wat "lig" beteken), en γραφις ("graphis" wat stilus of verfkwas beteken). Saamgestel, beteken dit "Verf met lig". Sonder lig kan daar geen fotografie wees nie.
