Metaalvlerkie

Riodinidae
	Reis van die Oostenrykse fregat Novara regoor die wêreld in 1857, 1858, 1859, onder die bevel van Kommandeur B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. (1864) Zoologischer Theil. 2. Band. Afdeling Twee: Lepidoptera. Plaat XXXVI. Riodinidae
Wetenskaplike klassifikasie
Koninkryk:	Animalia
Filum:	Arthropoda
Klas:	Insecta
Orde:	Lepidoptera
Suborde:	Ditrysia
Infraorde:	Rhopalocera
Superfamilie:	Papilionoidea
Familie:	Riodinidae; Grote, 1895
Subfamilies
	Euselasiinae; Nemeobiinae Riodininae

Metaalvlerkies (Riodinidae) is ’n familie van vlinders, met ongeveer 1 400–1 500 spesies^[1]^[2] wêreldwyd. Die naam "metaalvlerkies" verwys na die metaal-agtige kolle op hul vlerke.

Taksonomie[wysig | wysig bron]

Riodinidae word tans beskou as 'n afsonderlike familie binne die superfamilie Papilionoidea, maar in die verlede was dit geklassifiseer as die subfamilie Riodinidae van die Lycaenidae-familie. Vroeër was dit beskou as deel van die ontbinde Erycinidae-familie, waarvan die spesies verdeel is tussen hierdie familie en die subfamilie Libytheinae.

Vandag verkies die meeste taksonome om dit as 'n onafhanklike familie te aanvaar selfs al is daar teenargumente.^[3] Volgens morfologiese studies deur Ackery et al. in die handleiding van dierkunde (Kristensen 1998, vgl. literatuur) word Riodinidae in die Lycaenidae-familie geplaas. Kristensen et al. aanvaar, in 2007, dat die handleiding op 'n voorlopige basis opgedateer word, om Riodinidae as 'n onafhanklike familie te klassifiseer.^[4]

Molekulêre filogenie (gebaseer op homoloë DNA-volgordes) vind 'n sustergroepverhouding tussen Riodinidae en Lycaenidae, en dit word byna eenstemmig aanvaar.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Verwysings[wysig | wysig bron]

↑ "World Butterfly Census (data collated by Hoskins from sources including Tolman 1997, Larsen 2005, Lamas 2004, d'Abrera 2001, Scott 1992, Preston-Mafham 1988, McCubbin 1971, Eliot/Corbet & Pendlebury 1992, Shields 1989, Ackery 1995, funet 2014, BoldSystems 2014, LepIndex 2014)". Adrian Hoskins (www.learnaboutbutterflies.com). Besoek op 4 April 2017.
↑ "Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43(3), 1989, 178-183 – World Numbers of Butterflies" (PDF). Lepidopterists' Society. Besoek op 4 April 2017.
↑ Zhao F, Huang DY, Sun XY, Shi QH, Hao JS, Zhang LL, Yang Q. (2013): The first mitochondrial genome for the butterfly family Riodinidae (Abisara fylloides) and its systematic implications. Zoological Research 34 (E4−5): E109−E119. doi:10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2013.E4−5.E109
↑ Philip R. Ackery, Rienk de Jong, Richard I. Vane-Wright: The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In: Niels P. Kristensen (editor): Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruvter, Berlin & New York 1999. vgl. pp. 283-284
↑ Dana L. Campbell and Naomi E. Pierce (2003): Phylogenetic relationships of the Riodinidae: Implications for the evolution of ant association. In: C. Boggs, P. Ehrlich, W.B. Watt (editors). Butterflies as Model Systems. Chicago University Press: 395-408. laai af Geargiveer 3 Desember 2013 op Wayback Machine
↑ Niklas Wahlberg, Michael F Braby, Andrew V.Z Brower, Rienk de Jong, Ming-Min Lee, Sören Nylin, Naomi E Pierce, Felix A.H Sperling, Roger Vila, Andrew D Warren and Evgueni Zakharov (2005): Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272: 1577-1586. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3124
↑ Aria Heikkilä, Lauri Kaila, Marko Mutanen, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg (2012) Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 279: 1093-1099. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1430

Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik vanuit die Engelse Wikipedia-artikel vertaal

[LAB_Census-1] "World Butterfly Census (data collated by Hoskins from sources including Tolman 1997, Larsen 2005, Lamas 2004, d'Abrera 2001, Scott 1992, Preston-Mafham 1988, McCubbin 1971, Eliot/Corbet & Pendlebury 1992, Shields 1989, Ackery 1995, funet 2014, BoldSystems 2014, LepIndex 2014)". Adrian Hoskins (www.learnaboutbutterflies.com). Besoek op 4 April 2017.

[Lepidopterists89-2] "Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43(3), 1989, 178-183 – World Numbers of Butterflies" (PDF). Lepidopterists' Society. Besoek op 4 April 2017.

[3] Zhao F, Huang DY, Sun XY, Shi QH, Hao JS, Zhang LL, Yang Q. (2013): The first mitochondrial genome for the butterfly family Riodinidae (Abisara fylloides) and its systematic implications. Zoological Research 34 (E4−5): E109−E119. doi:10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2013.E4−5.E109

[4] Philip R. Ackery, Rienk de Jong, Richard I. Vane-Wright: The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. In: Niels P. Kristensen (editor): Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Walter de Gruvter, Berlin & New York 1999. vgl. pp. 283-284

[5] Dana L. Campbell and Naomi E. Pierce (2003): Phylogenetic relationships of the Riodinidae: Implications for the evolution of ant association. In: C. Boggs, P. Ehrlich, W.B. Watt (editors). Butterflies as Model Systems. Chicago University Press: 395-408. laai af Geargiveer 3 Desember 2013 op Wayback Machine

[6] Niklas Wahlberg, Michael F Braby, Andrew V.Z Brower, Rienk de Jong, Ming-Min Lee, Sören Nylin, Naomi E Pierce, Felix A.H Sperling, Roger Vila, Andrew D Warren and Evgueni Zakharov (2005): Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 272: 1577-1586. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3124

[7] Aria Heikkilä, Lauri Kaila, Marko Mutanen, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg (2012) Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 279: 1093-1099. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1430

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