Isotope van plutonium
Die chemiese element plutonium (Pu), met ’n atoommassa van ongeveer 239 u, het geen stabiele isotope nie en word dus as ’n radioaktiewe element geklassifiseer. Altesaam 21 isotope van plutonium is bekend. 244Pu is met ’n halfleeftyd van sowat 80 miljoen jaar die stabielste. Die belangrikste isotope van plutonium is:
- 238Pu, met ’n halfleeftyd van 88 jaar
- 239Pu, ’n splytbare isotoop met ’n halfleeftyd van 24 000 jaar
- 240Pu, met ’n halfleeftyd van 6 500 jaar
- 241Pu, ’n splytbare isotoop met ’n halfleeftyd van 14 jaar
- 242Pu, met ’n halfleeftyd van 373 000 jaar
Alle ander isotope het ’n halfleeftyd van minder as 7 000 jaar.
Die splytbare isotope word gebruik as brandstof in ’n kernreaktor. 240Pu kan neutrone absorbeer en is daarna splytbaar. By die verval van 238Pu word vervalhitte vrygestel. Hiermee kan termo-elektriese kragopwekkers elektriese energie lewer. Onder meer Voyager 1, Voyager 2 en Cassini-Huygens gebruik hierdie energiebron.[1]
Oorsig[wysig | wysig bron]
| Nuklied | Z (p) | N (n) | Isotopiese massa (u) | Halfleeftyd | Radioaktiewe verval | VP | Kernspin | Isotopiese verhouding (molfraksie) |
Natuurlike voorkoms (molfraksie) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opwekkingsenergie | |||||||||
| 228Pu | 94 | 134 | 228,03874(3) | 1,1(+20-5) s | α (99,9%) | 224U | 0+ | ||
| β+ (0,1%) | 228Np | ||||||||
| 229Pu | 94 | 135 | 229,04015(6) | 120(50) s | α | 225U | 3/2+ | ||
| 230Pu | 94 | 136 | 230,039650(16) | 1,70(17) min. | α | 226U | 0+ | ||
| β+ (spore) | 230Np | ||||||||
| 231Pu | 94 | 137 | 231,041101(28) | 8,6(5) min. | β+ | 231Np | 3/2+ | ||
| α (spore) | 227U | ||||||||
| 232Pu | 94 | 138 | 232,041187(19) | 33,7(5) min. | EV (89%) | 232Np | 0+ | ||
| α (11%) | 228U | ||||||||
| 233Pu | 94 | 139 | 233,04300(5) | 20,9(4) min. | β+ (99,88%) | 233Np | 5/2+ | ||
| α (0,12%) | 229U | ||||||||
| 234Pu | 94 | 140 | 234,043317(7) | 8,8(1) uur | EV (94%) | 234Np | 0+ | ||
| α (6%) | 230U | ||||||||
| 235Pu | 94 | 141 | 235,045286(22) | 25,3(5) min. | β+ (99,99%) | 235Np | (5/2+) | ||
| α (0,0027%) | 231U | ||||||||
| 236Pu | 94 | 142 | 236,0460580(24) | 2,858(8) jaar | α | 232U | 0+ | ||
| SS (1,37 × 10−7%) | (divers) | ||||||||
| TV (2 × 10−12%) | 208Pb 28Mg | ||||||||
| β+β+ (spore) | 236U | ||||||||
| 237Pu | 94 | 143 | 237,0484097(24) | 45,2(1) dae | EV | 237Np | 7/2– | ||
| α (0,0042%) | 233U | ||||||||
| 237m1Pu | 145,544(10) keV | 180(20) ms | IV | 237Pu | 1/2+ | ||||
| 237m2Pu | 2900(250) keV | 1,1(1) µs | |||||||
| 238Pu | 94 | 144 | 238,0495599(20) | 87,7(1) jaar | α | 234U | 0+ | ||
| SS (1,9 × 10−7%) | (diverse) | ||||||||
| TV (1,4 × 10−14%) | 206Hg 32Si | ||||||||
| TV (6 × 10−15%) | 180Yb 30Mg 28Mg | ||||||||
| 239Pu | 94 | 145 | 239,0521634(20) | 2,411(3) × 104 jaar | α | 235mU | 1/2+ | ||
| SS (3,1 × 10−10%) | (divers) | ||||||||
| 239m1Pu | 391,584(3) keV | 193(4) ns | 7/2– | ||||||
| 239m2Pu | 3100(200) keV | 7,5(10) µs | (5/2+) | ||||||
| 240Pu | 94 | 146 | 240,0538135(20) | 6,561(7) × 103 jaar | α | 236U | 0+ | ||
| SS (5,7 × 10−6%) | (divers) | ||||||||
| TV (1,3 × 10−13%) | 206Hg 34Si | ||||||||
| 241Pu | 94 | 147 | 241,0568515(20) | 14,290(6) jaar | β− (99,99%) | 241Am | 5/2+ | ||
| α (,00245%) | 237U | ||||||||
| SS (2,4 × 10−14%) | (divers) | ||||||||
| 241m1Pu | 161,6(1) keV | 0,88(5) µs | 1/2+ | ||||||
| 241m2Pu | 2200(200) keV | 21(3) µs | |||||||
| 242Pu | 94 | 148 | 242,0587426(20) | 3,75(2) × 105 jaar | α | 238U | 0+ | ||
| SS (5,5 × 10−4%) | (divers) | ||||||||
| 243Pu | 94 | 149 | 243,062003(3) | 4,956(3) uur | β− | 243Am | 7/2+ | ||
| 243mPu | 383,6(4) keV | 330(30) ns | (1/2+) | ||||||
| 244Pu | 94 | 150 | 244,064204(5) | 8,00(9) × 107 jaar | α (99,88%) | 240U | 0+ | Spore | |
| SS (0,123%) | (divers) | ||||||||
| β−β− (7,3 × 10−9%) | 244Cm | ||||||||
| 245Pu | 94 | 151 | 245,067747(15) | 10,5(1) uur | β− | 245Am | (9/2–) | ||
| 246Pu | 94 | 152 | 246,070205(16) | 10,84(2) d | β− | 246mAm | 0+ | ||
| 247Pu | 94 | 153 | 247,07407(32) | 2,27(23) d | β− | 247Am | 1/2+ | ||
Isotope per element[wysig | wysig bron]
| 1H | 2He | 3Li | 4Be | 5B | 6C | 7N | 8O | 9F | 10Ne | 11Na | 12Mg | 13Al | 14Si | 15P | 16S | 17Cl | 18Ar | 19K | |
| 20Ca | 21Sc | 22Ti | 23V | 24Cr | 25Mn | 26Fe | 27Co | 28Ni | 29Cu | 30Zn | 31Ga | 32Ge | 33As | 34Se | 35Br | 36Kr | 37Rb | 38Sr | 39Y |
| 40Zr | 41Nb | 42Mo | 43Tc | 44Ru | 45Rh | 46Pd | 47Ag | 48Cd | 49In | 50Sn | 51Sb | 52Te | 53I | 54Xe | 55Cs | 56Ba | 57La | 58Ce | 59Pr |
| 60Nd | 61Pm | 62Sm | 63Eu | 64Gd | 65Tb | 66Dy | 67Ho | 68Er | 69Tm | 70Yb | 71Lu | 72Hf | 73Ta | 74W | 75Re | 76Os | 77Ir | 78Pt | 79Au |
| 80Hg | 81Tl | 82Pb | 83Bi | 84Po | 85At | 86Rn | 87Fr | 88Ra | 89Ac | 90Th | 91Pa | 92U | 93Np | 94Pu | 95Am | 96Cm | 97Bk | 98Cf | 99Es |
| 100Fm | 101Md | 102No | 103Lr | 104Rf | 105Db | 106Sg | 107Bh | 108Hs | 109Mt | 110Ds | 111Rg | 112Cn | 113Nh | 114Fl | 115Mc | 116Lv | 117Ts | 118Og |
Verwysings[wysig | wysig bron]
- ↑ Plutonium, niet de gevaarlijkste stof op Aarde, nucleartechnology.nl
Bronne[wysig | wysig bron]
- R.B. Firestone, S.Y. Frank Chu & C.M. Baglin (1999) - Table of Isotopes (aanlyn weergawe van die CD-ROM)
- G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot & O. Bersillon (2003) - The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties, Nuclear Physics A, 729, pp. 3-128
- J.R. de Laeter, J.K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H.S. Peiser, K.J.R. Rosman & P.D.P. Taylor (2003) - Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75 (6), pp. 683–800
- M.E. Wieser (2006) - Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (11), pp. 2051–2066
- David R. Lide (2004) - CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85ste uitg.), hoofstuk 11, CRC Press - ISBN 978-0849304859
Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die Nederlandse Wikipedia
