Lys van grootste sterre

Hierdie lys van grootste sterre is gerangskik volgens hul radius. Die meeteenheid is ’n sonradius (sowat 695 500 km).
Die presiese volgorde van die sterre is nie honderd persent vasgestel nie:
- Daar is taamlike onsekerhede oor geraamde waardes en groottes;
- Die afstand na die verskillende sterre is nie oral ewe seker nie en dit beïnvloed die meting van die groottes;
- Sommige sterre het ’n uitgebreide atmosfeer, is omring deur stof of pulseer, sodat hul radius nie presies bereken kan word nie;
- Verskeie ander faktore kan ook die meting van die groottes beïnvloed.
Op dié lys is verskeie voorbeelde van sterre in uiters verre sterrestelsels, wat effens verskillende eienskappe het as die huidige grootste bekende sterre in die Melkweg. Sommige rooisuperreuse in die Magellaanse Wolke het byvoorbeeld na verwagting effens ander beperkende temperature en ligsterktes. Sulke sterre kan perke oorskry deur oor slegs ’n paar maande (of jaar) groot ontploffings of ’n verandering in hulle spektraaltipe te ondergaan.[1][2]
Die grootste ster wat waarskynlik nog ontdek is, is Stephenson 2-18. As dit in die plek van die Son geplaas word, sal dit tot anderkant Saturnus se wentelbaan strek.
Lys[wysig | wysig bron]
Sternaam | Sonradius (Son = 1) |
Notas | Verwysings |
---|---|---|---|
Stephenson 2-18 | 2 150 | Geleë naby die massiewe oop sterreswerm Stephenson 2, waar 26 rooisuperreuse voorkom. | [3] |
Sauturnus se wentelbaan | 1 940 - 2 169 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
LGGS J004520.67+414717.3 | 1 870 - 2 510 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004539.99+415404.1 | 1 792 - 2 377 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [2][5] |
UY Scuti | 1 708 | Foutmarge in die groottevasstelling: ± 192 sonradiusse. Op sy kleinste sal hy so groot soos V354 Cephei wees (sien onder). | [6] |
WOH S71 (LMC 23095) | 1 662 - 1 896 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [7][2] |
HV 2242 (WOH S69) | 1 645 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
SMC 78282 (PMMR 198) | 1 600 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
HD 270422 | 1 599 - 2 259 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [9] |
LGGS J013339.28+303118.8 | 1 565 - 1 863 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel | [10][5] |
WOH G64 | 1 540 - 1 730 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [11] |
LGGS J013312.26+310053.3 | 1 537 - 1 765 | Geleë in die Driehoeksterrestelsel. | [10][5] |
RSGC1-F01 | 1 530 | Geleë in die oop sterreswerm RSGC1. | [12] |
LGGS J004431.71+415629.1 | 1 505 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
W61 8-88 (WOH S465) | 1 491 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
LGGS J004336.68+410811.8 | 1 485 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HV 888 (WOH S140) | 1 477 - 1 974 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. ’n Ander onlangse raming is 1 765. | [13][14][2] |
UCAC4 116-007944 (MSX LMC 810) |
1 468 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
W60 A78 (WOH S459) | 1 445 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
HV 12998 (WOH S369) | 1 443 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
W60 A72 (WOH S453) | 1 441 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
LGGS J013418.56+303808.6 | 1 436 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J003951.33+405303.7 | 1 425 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
VY Canis Majoris | 1 420 ± 120 | Is voorheen as die grootste bekende ster beskryf gebaseer op ’n radius van 1 800 - 2 100 soradiusse.[15] | [16][17] |
WOH S286 | 1 417 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [2] |
AH Scorpii | 1 411 ± 124 | AH Sco is ’n veranderlike ster met byna 3 magnitudes in visuele omvang en ’n geraamde 20% in ligsterkte. Die variasie in die deursnee is nie duidelik nie omdat die temperatuur ook wissel. | [18] |
LGGS J004428.48+415130.9 | 1 410 - 1 504 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
MG73 46 (MSX LMC 891) | 1 385 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [14]–1,838[2] |
WOH S281 (IRAS 05261-6614) | 1 376 - 1 459 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [19][2] |
IRAS 05280-6910 | 1 367 - 1 738 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [7][20] |
S Persei | 1 364 ± 6 | ’n Rooisuperreus in die Perseus-dubbelswerm. | [21] |
VX Sagittarii | 1 356 | Die helderste ster van die asimptotiese reusetak wat nog ontdek is met ’n bolometriese magnitude van -8,6. | [22] |
LGGS J004306.62+413806.2 | 1 349 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
PHL 293B | 1 348 - 1 463 | ’n Helder blou veranderlike ster in die sterrestelsel PHL 293B, wat min metale bevat. Dit het vermoedelik verdwyn. | [23] |
LGGS J004648.83+420418.4 | 1 346 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013414.27+303417.7 | 1 342 - 1 953 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [10][5] |
RSGC1-F03 | 1 325 | Geleë in die oop sterreswerm RSGC1. | [3] |
LGGS J004438.65+412934.1 | 1 320 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HV 5993 (WOH S464) | 1 319 - 1 531 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [14][2] |
PMMR 62 | 1 313 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
SW Cephei | 1 308 | [24] | |
SMC 18136 (PMMR 37) | 1 307 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J004438.65+412934.1 | 1 320 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013318.20+303134.0 | 1 295 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LMC 170079 | 1 294 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J05294221-6857173 | 1 292 | [10] | |
Z Doradus | 1 271 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J004312.43+413747.1 | 1 270 - 1 630 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004632.18+415935.8 | 1 265 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013412.27+305314.1 | 1 258 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013310.71+302714.9 | 1 252 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004148.74+410843.0 | 1 248 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004514.91+413735.0 | 1 250 - 1 575 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J013403.73+304202.4 | 1 249 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004428.12+415502.9 | 1 240 - 1 259 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
RSGC1-F09 | 1 230 | Geleë in die oop sterreswerm RSGC1. | [3] |
LGGS J004633.38+415951.3 | 1 229 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004416.28+412106.6 | 1 222 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
SMC 5092 (PMMR 9) | 1 216 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
IRAS 05346-6949 | 1 211 - 2 064 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [25][9] |
LGGS J004027.36+410444.9 | 1 201 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004125.23+411208.9 | 1 200 - 1 602 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J013423.29+305655.0 | 1 199 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HV 2532 (WOH S287) | 1 195 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J004506.85+413408.2 | 1 194 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HD 90587 | 1 191 | [24] | |
HV 2084 (PMMR 186) | 1 187 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
NML Cygni | 1 183 | [26] | |
LGGS J004503.35+413026.3 | 1 174 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004304.62+410348.4 | 1 171 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004524.97+420727.2 | 1 170 - 1 476 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004047.82+410936.4 | 1 167 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
Westerlund 1-26 | 1 165 - 1 221 | Baie onsekere parameters vir ’n buitengewone ster met sterk radio-uitstralings. Die spektrum is veranderlik, maar blykbaar nie die ligsterkte nie. | [27] |
LGGS J004138.35+412320.7 | 1 159 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013353.91+302641.8 | 1 157 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
RSGC1-F08 | 1 150 | Geleë in die oop sterreswerm RSGC1. | [12] |
W60 B90 (WOH S264) | 1 149 - 2 555 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [19][2] |
LGGS J013356.84+304001.4 | 1 149 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HD 62745 | 1 145 | [24] | |
LGGS J004347.31+411203.6 | 1 143 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004047.22+404445.5 | 1 140 - 1 379 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004035.08+404522.3 | 1 140 - 1 354 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J013343.30+303318.9 | 1 139 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
MY Cephei | 1 134 - 2 061 | Moenie verwar word met Mu Cephei nie (sien onder). Ouer ramings was tot 2 440 sonradiusse, gebaseer op baie koeler temperature.[28] | [29][12] |
LGGS J003942.92+402051.1 | 1 133 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004124.80+411634.7 | 1 130 - 1 423 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J013454.31+304109.8 | 1 122 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004731.12+422749.1 | 1 121 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013233.77+302718.8 | 1 129 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [10] |
HV 2781 (WOH S470) | 1 129 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
RSGC1-F02 | 1 128 | Geleë in die oop sterreswerm RSGC1. | [12] |
SMC 56389 (PMMR 148) | 1 128 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J004451.76+420006.0 | 1 116 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013400.91+303414.9 | 1 115 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
ST Cephei | 1 109 | [24] | |
HV 2561 (LMC 141430) | 1 107 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J004219.25+405116.4 | 1 103 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HD 102115 | 1 100 | [24] | |
LGGS J004107.11+411635.6 | 1 100 - 1 207 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004253.25+411613.9 | 1 099 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004124.81+411206.1 | 1 094 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004415.76+411750.7 | 1 084 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004447.74+413050.0 | 1 083 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013416.89+305158.3 | 1 081 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004031.00+404311.1 | 1 080 - 1 383 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
SMC 49478 (PMMR 115) | 1 077 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
V366 Andromedae | 1 076 | [24] | |
LGGS J003943.89+402104.6 | 1 076 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
Trumpler 27-1 | 1 073 | Geleë in die massiewe, moontlik oop sterreswerm Trumpler 27. | [30] |
LGGS J013336.64+303532.3 | 1 073 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HV 897 (WOH S161) | 1 073 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
SMC 20133 (PMMR 41) | 1 072 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LMC 174714 | 1 072 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J013336.64+303532.3 | 1 073 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013326.90+310054.2 | 1 071 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004531.13+414825.7 | 1 070 - 1 420 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
IM Cassiopeiae | 1 068 | [24] | |
HV 11262 (PMMR 16) | 1 067 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
Jupiter se wentelbaan | 1 064 - 1 173 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
LGGS J003811.56+402358.2 | 1 060 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004030.64+404246.2 | 1 060 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HR 5171 Aa (V766 Centauri Aa) | 1 060 - 1 160 | [31] | |
LGGS J004631.49+421133.1 | 1 060 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J003942.42+403204.1 | 1 057 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004346.18+411515.0 | 1 057 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004638.17+420008.9 | 1 056 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004501.30+413922.5 | 1 054 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
SMC 25879 (PMMR 54) | 1 053 | Geleë in die Klein Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
LGGS J013416.28+303353.5 | 1 048 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
SU Persei | 1 048 | [24] | |
LGGS J013322.82+301910.9 | 1 048 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J013328.85+310041.7 | 1 046 | Geleë in die Driehoek-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
RSGC1-F05 | 1 047 | Geleë in die oop sterreswerm RSGC1. | [3] |
WX Piscium | 1 044 | [32] | |
WOH G371 (LMC 146126) | 1 043 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
WOH S327 (LMC 142202) | 1 043 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [8] |
V358 Cassiopeiae | 1 043 | ’n Rooihiperreus in die sterrebeeld Kassiopeia.[33] | [34] |
LGGS J003910.56+402545.6 | 1 042 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004114.18+403759.8 | 1 040 - 1 249 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J003912.77+404412.1 | 1 037 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004507.90+413427.4 | 1 034 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004406.60+411536.6 | 1 033 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
IRAS 04509-6922 | 1 027 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [25] |
AS Cephei | 1 026 | [24] | |
LGGS J004120.25+403838.1 | 1 021 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004108.42+410655.3 | 1 021 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004125.72+411212.7 | 1 020 - 1 359 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004059.50+404542.6 | 1 020 - 1 367 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [4][5] |
LGGS J004607.45+414544.6 | 1 018 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HD 167861 | 1 016 | [24] | |
LGGS J004305.77+410742.5 | 1 015 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004424.94+412322.3 | 1 013 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
HV 986 (WOH S368) | 1 010 | Geleë in die Groot Magellaanse Wolk. | [35] |
LGGS J004415.17+415640.6 | 1 008 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
LGGS J004118.29+404940.3 | 1 005 | Geleë in die Andromeda-sterrestelsel. | [5] |
Die volgende sterre met groottes onder 1 000 sonradiusse word aangedui vir vergelyking | |||
CZ Hydrae | Een van die koelste sterre teen 2 000 K. | [36] | |
Mu Cephei ("Herschel se "Granaatsteenster") | 972 ± 228 | Prototipe van die verouderde klas Mu Cephei-veranderlikes en een van die rooiste sterre in terme van B-V-kleurindeks.[37] Ander ramings is so hoog soos 1 650 sonradiusse, gebaseer op hoekdeursnee.[38] | [39] |
V602 Carinae | 932 - 1 151 | [30][24] | |
Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) | 764+116−62 | Ster met die derde grootste skynbare magnitude ná R Doradus en die Son. Helderste rooisuperreus in die naglus. Nog ’n raming is 955±217 soradiusse | [40] |
Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A) | 707 | Die raming van Antares se grootte was oorspronkliker meer as 850 sonradiusse,[41][42] maar dit is waarskynlik beïnvloed deur asimmetry van die ster se atmosfeer.[43] | [24] |
V354 Cephei | 685 | [30] | |
KY Cygni | 672 - 1 420 | [30][44][45] | |
119 Tauri (CE Tauri) | 587 - 593 | [46] | |
CW Leonis | 580 - 686 | Prototipe van koolstofsterre. CW Leo is verkeerdelik geïdentifiseer as die vermeende "Planeet X". | [47] |
Mira A (Omicron Ceti) | 541 | Prototipe van Mira-veranderlikes. De Beck et al. het die grootte in 2010 bereken as 541 sonradiusse. | [26] |
VV Cephei A | 516 - 1 000 | VV Cep A is ’n hoogs verwronge ster en deel van ’n dubbelster; dit verloor massa aan die sekondêre ster vir minstens deel van sy wentelbaan. Data van die mees onlangse eklips het twyfel gewerp op die aanvaarde model van die stelsel. Ouer ramings is tot 1 900 sonradiusse.[44] | [48][49] |
V382 Carinae (x Carinae) | 485 ± 40 | Geelhiperreus, een van die skaarsste soorte sterre. | [50] |
Pistoolster | 435 | Blou hiperreus, een van die grootste en helderste sterre bekend. | [51] |
HD 179821 (V1427 Aquilae) | 400 - 450 | Dalk ’n geelhiperreus of veel dowwer ster. | [31] |
V509 Cassiopeiae | 390 - 910 | Geel hiperreus. | [52] |
Binnegrens: asteroïdegordel. | 380 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
IRC +10420 | 380 | ’n Geelhiperreus waarvan die temperatuur toegeneem het tot in die LBV-reeks. De Beck et al. het in 2010 die grootte geraam op 1 342 sonradiusse, gebaseer op ’n baie koeler temperatuur.[26] | [53] |
V688 Monocerotis | 372 | Teen 2 000 K ook een van die koelste sterre. | [36] |
R Doradus | 298 ± 21 | ’n Ster met die tweede grootste skynbare grootte, naas die Son. | [54] |
Mars se wentelbaan | 297 - 358 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum) | 289 - 352 | Een van die koelste en rooiste sterre. | [24][55] |
Rooireusfase van die Son | 256 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
Rho Cassiopeiae | 242 | Geelhiperreus. | [24] |
Eta Carinae A | ~240 | Voorheen is geglo dit is die grootste enkele ster, maar in 2005 is besef dit is ’n dubbelster. Daar word geglo η Car is tussen 60 en 881 sonradiusse.[56] | [57] |
Aarde se wentelbaan | 215 (211 - 219) | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
Son se bewoonbare sone | 200 - 520[58] (onseker) | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
Venus se wentelbaan | 154 - 157 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
Epsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz A) | 143 358 | In 1970 is valslik beweer ε Aurigae is die grootste ster, met ’n grootte van tussen 2 000 en 3 000 sonradiusse,[59] maar dit het later geblyk stof omring die ster. | [60] |
Deneb (Alpha Cygni) | 99,84 | Prototipe van Alpha Cygni-veranderlikes. | [24] |
Peony-ster | 92 | Kandidaat vir die helderste ster in die Melkweg. | [61] |
Canopus (Alpha Carinae) | 71 | Tweede helderste ster in die naglug. | [62] |
Mercurius se wentelbaan | 66 - 100 | Aangedui vir grootteverwysing | |
LBV 1806-20 | 46 - 145 | Voorheen ’n kandidaat vir die helderste ster in die Melkweg, met ’n ligsterkte van 40 miljoen keer dié van die Son,[63] maar dit is later verlaag tot 2 miljoen keer.[64][65] | [66] |
Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri) | 44,13 ± 0,84 | 14de helderste ster in die naglug. | [67] |
R136a1 | 39,2 | Al aangetoon as een van die grootste en helderste sterre bekend. | [68] |
Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) | 37,5 | Die huidige noordpoolster. | [69] |
Arcturus (Alpha Boötis) | 24,25 | Helderste ster in die Noordelike Halfrond. | [24] |
HDE 226868 | 20 - 22 | Die superreus-metgesel van die swartkolk Cygnus X-1. Die swartkolk is sowat 500 000 keer so klein soos die ster. | [70] |
Son | 1 | Die grootste voorwerp in die Sonnestelsel. Aangedui vir grootteverwysing |
Sien ook[wysig | wysig bron]
Verwysings[wysig | wysig bron]
- ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K.A.G.; Plez, Bertrand; Meynet, Georges; Maeder, Andre (2006). "The Effective Temperatures and Physical Properties of Magellanic Cloud Red Supergiants: The Effects of Metallicity". The Astrophysical Journal. 645 (2): 1102–1117. arXiv:astro-ph/0603596. Bibcode:2006ApJ...645.1102L. doi:10.1086/504417. S2CID 5150686.
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 Ren, Yi; Jiang, Bi-Wei (2020-07-20). "On the Granulation and Irregular Variation of Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal (in Engels). 898 (1): 24. arXiv:2006.06605. Bibcode:2020ApJ...898...24R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c17. ISSN 1538-4357.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Fok, Thomas K. T; Nakashima, Jun-ichi; Yung, Bosco H. K; Hsia, Chih-Hao; Deguchi, Shuji (2012). "Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 65. arXiv:1209.6427. Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...65F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65. S2CID 53393926.
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 Massey, Philip; Evans, Kate Anne (2016). "The Red Supergiant Content of M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 826 (2): 224. arXiv:1605.07900. Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..224M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/224. S2CID 27871527.
- ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 5,12 5,13 5,14 5,15 5,16 5,17 5,18 5,19 5,20 5,21 5,22 5,23 5,24 5,25 5,26 5,27 5,28 5,29 5,30 5,31 5,32 5,33 5,34 5,35 5,36 5,37 5,38 5,39 5,40 5,41 5,42 5,43 5,44 5,45 5,46 5,47 5,48 5,49 5,50 5,51 5,52 5,53 5,54 5,55 5,56 5,57 5,58 5,59 5,60 5,61 5,62 5,63 5,64 5,65 5,66 5,67 5,68 5,69 5,70 5,71 5,72 5,73 5,74 5,75 5,76 5,77 5,78 5,79 5,80 5,81 5,82 Gordon, Michael S.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Jones, Terry J. (Julie 2016). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. III. The Yellow and Red Supergiants and Post-red Supergiant Evolution". The Astrophysical Journal (in Engels). 825 (1): 50. arXiv:1603.08003. Bibcode:2016ApJ...825...50G. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/825/1/50. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119281102.
- ↑ Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. (2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 554: A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Steven R. Goldman; Jacco Th. van Loon (2016). "The wind speeds, dust content, and mass-loss rates of evolved AGB and RSG stars at varying metallicity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (1): 403–433. arXiv:1610.05761. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.465..403G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2708. S2CID 11352637.
- ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 8,18 Dicenzo, Brooke; Levesque, Emily M. (April 2019). "Atomic Absorption Line Diagnostics for the Physical Properties of Red Supergiants". The Astronomical Journal. 157 (4): 167. arXiv:1902.01862. Bibcode:2019AJ....157..167D. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab01cb. S2CID 119076156.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Jones, O. C.; Woods, P. M.; Kemper, F.; Kraemer, K. E.; Sloan, G. C.; Srinivasan, S.; Oliveira, J. M.; van Loon, J. Th.; Boyer, M. L.; Sargent, B. A.; McDonald, I.; Meixner, M.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Ruffle, P. M. E.; Lagadec, E.; Pauly, T.; Sewiło, M.; Clayton, G. C.; Volk, K. (2017-05-08). "The SAGE-Spec Spitzer Legacy program: the life-cycle of dust and gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Point source classification – III". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 470 (3): 3250–3282. arXiv:1705.02709. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.3250J. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1101. S2CID 119371839.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Maria R. Drout; Philip Massey; Georges Meynet (2012). "The yellow and red supergiants of M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 97. arXiv:1203.0247. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750...97D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/97. S2CID 119160120.
- ↑ Emily M. Levesque, Philip Massey, Bertrand Plez, and Knut A. G. Olsen (Junie 2009). "The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64: The Largest Star Known?". Astronomical Journal. 137 (6): 4744. arXiv:0903.2260. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.4744L. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4744.AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam: authors list (link)
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Humphreys, Roberta M.; Helmel, Greta; Jones, Terry J.; Gordon, Michael S. (Augustus 2020). "Exploring the Mass Loss Histories of the Red Supergiants". The Astronomical Journal (in Engels). 160 (3): arXiv:2008.01108. arXiv:2008.01108. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..145H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab15. S2CID 220961677.
- ↑ Kamath, D.; Wood, P. R.; Van Winckel, H. (Desember 2015). "Optically visible post-AGB stars, post-RGB stars and young stellar objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 454 (2): 1468–1502. arXiv:1508.00670. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.454.1468K. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1202. S2CID 59496789.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Sloan, G. C. (2018). "Luminosities and mass-loss rates of Local Group AGB stars and red supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 609: A114. arXiv:1711.07803. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.114G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731089. S2CID 59327105.
- ↑ Humphreys, Roberta M. (2006). "VY Canis Majoris: The Astrophysical Basis of Its Luminosity". pp. astro–ph/0610433.
- ↑ Gordon, Michael S.; Jones, Terry J.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Ertel, Steve; Hinz, Philip M.; Hoffman, William F.; Stone, Jordan; Spalding, Eckhart; Vaz, Amali (Februarie 2019). "Thermal Emission in the Southwest Clump of VY CMa". The Astronomical Journal. 157: 57. arXiv:1811.05998. Bibcode:2019AJ....157...57G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf5cb.
- ↑ Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M. (2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126. S2CID 54044968.
- ↑ Arroyo-Torres, B.; Wittkowski, M.; Marcaide, J. M.; Hauschildt, P. H. (6 Junie 2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 554: A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Groenewegen, Martin A. T.; Sloan, Greg C. (Januarie 2018). "Luminosities and mass-loss rates of Local Group AGB stars and Red Supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 609: A114. arXiv:1711.07803. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.114G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731089. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ↑ Matsuura, Mikako; Sargent, B.; Swinyard, Bruce; Yates, Jeremy; Royer, P.; Barlow, M. J.; Boyer, Martha; Decin, L.; Khouri, Theo; Meixner, Margaret; Van Loon, Jacco Th.; Woods, Paul M. (2016). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants at low metallicity: Detection of rotational CO emission from two red supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (3): 2995. arXiv:1608.01729. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.2995M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1853. S2CID 53059365.
- ↑ Norris, Ryan P. (2019). Seeing Stars Like Never Before: A Long-term Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiants (PDF) (PhD). Georgia State University.
- ↑ Tabernero, H. M.; Dorda, R.; Negueruela, I.; Marfil, E. (2020). "On the nature of VX Sagitarii: Is it a TZO, a RSG or a high-mass AGB star?". [astro-ph.SR].
- ↑ Allan, Andrew P.; Groh, Jose H.; Mehner, Andrea; Smith, Nathan; Boian, Ioana; Farrell, Eoin J.; Andrews, Jennifer E. (2020). "The possible disappearance of a massive star in the low-metallicity galaxy PHL 293B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 496 (2): 1902. arXiv:2003.02242. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.496.1902A. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1629. S2CID 220302328.
- ↑ 24,00 24,01 24,02 24,03 24,04 24,05 24,06 24,07 24,08 24,09 24,10 24,11 24,12 24,13 24,14 24,15 Cruzalèbes, P.; Petrov, R. G.; Robbe-Dubois, S.; Varga, J.; Burtscher, L.; Allouche, F.; Berio, P.; Hofmann, K. H.; Hron, J.; Jaffe, W.; Lagarde, S.; Lopez, B.; Matter, A.; Meilland, A.; Meisenheimer, K.; Millour, F.; Schertl, D. (2019). "A catalogue of stellar diameters and fluxes for mid-infrared interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 490 (3): 3158–3176. arXiv:1910.00542. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.490.3158C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2803. S2CID 203610229.
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 University, Keele (Desember 2017). Research, Keele University (in Engels). Keele University.
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; De Koter, A.; Justtanont, K.; Verhoelst, T.; Kemper, F.; Menten, K. M. (2010). "Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles. II. CO line survey of evolved stars: Derivation of mass-loss rate formulae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 523: A18. arXiv:1008.1083. Bibcode:2010A&A...523A..18D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913771. S2CID 16131273.
- ↑ Arévalo, Aura (2019). The Red Supergiants in the Supermassive Stellar Cluster Westerlund 1. doi:10.11606/D.14.2019.tde-12092018-161841.
- ↑ Fawley, W. M; Cohen, M (1974). "The open cluster NGC 7419 and its M7 supergiant IRC +60375". Astrophysical Journal. 193: 367. Bibcode:1974ApJ...193..367F. doi:10.1086/153171.
- ↑ Beasor, Emma R; Davies, Ben; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K. -H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (2018). "The evolution of red supergiant mass-loss rates". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (1): 55. arXiv:1712.01852. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475...55B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3174. S2CID 55822928.
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Messineo, M.; Brown, A. G. A. (2019). "A Catalog of Known Galactic K-M Stars of Class I Candidate Red Supergiants in Gaia DR2". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (1): 20. arXiv:1905.03744. Bibcode:2019AJ....158...20M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab1cbd. S2CID 148571616.
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 van Genderen, A. M.; Lobel, A.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Henry, G. W.; De Jager, C.; Blown, E.; Di Scala, G.; Van Ballegoij, E. J. (2019). "Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: A48. arXiv:1910.02460. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..48V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834358. S2CID 203836020.
- ↑ Schöier, F. L; Ramstedt, S; Olofsson, H; Lindqvist, M; Bieging, J. H; Marvel, K. B (2013). "The abundance of HCN in circumstellar envelopes of AGB stars of different chemical type". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 550: A78. arXiv:1301.2129. Bibcode:2013A&A...550A..78S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220400. S2CID 96447896.
- ↑ McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Boyer, M. L. (2012). "Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 427 (1): 343–57. arXiv:1208.2037. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. S2CID 118665352.
- ↑ Bourgés, L.; Lafrasse, S.; Mella, G.; Chesneau, O.; Bouquin, J. L.; Duvert, G.; Chelli, A.; Delfosse, X. (Mei 2014). "The JMMC Stellar Diameters Catalog v2 (JSDC): A New Release Based on SearchCal Improvements". Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XXIII (in Engels). 485: 223. Bibcode:2014ASPC..485..223B. ISSN 1050-3390.
- ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand (20 September 2007). "Late‐Type Red Supergiants: Too Cool for the Magellanic Clouds?". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (1): 202–212. arXiv:0705.3431. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667..202L. doi:10.1086/520797.
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 Siderud, Emelie (2020). Dust emission modelling of AGB stars.
- ↑ Ahad, Abdul (1 Mei 2004). "The second 'Garnet Star' after Mu Cephei must be 119 Tauri!". Google Groups. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 Januarie 2018. Besoek op 30 Januarie 2018.
- ↑ "Jim Kaler-Garnet star".
- ↑ Montargès, M.; Homan, W.; Keller, D.; Clementel, N.; Shetye, S.; Decin, L.; Harper, G. M.; Royer, P.; Winters, J. M.; Le Bertre, T.; Richards, A. M. S. (2019). "NOEMA maps the CO J = 2 − 1 environment of the red supergiant μ Cep". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 485 (2): 2417–2430. arXiv:1903.07129. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.485.2417M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz397. S2CID 119423161.
- ↑ Neilson, H. R.; Lester, J. B.; Haubois, X. (Desember 2011). "Weighing Betelgeuse: Measuring the Mass of α Orionis from Stellar Limb-darkening". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 9th Pacific Rim Conference on Stellar Astrophysics. Proceedings of a conference held at Lijiang, China in 14–20 April 2011. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 451: 117. arXiv:1109.4562. Bibcode:2010ASPC..425..103L.
- ↑ Pugh, T.; Gray, D. F. (2013-02-01). "On the Six-year Period in the Radial Velocity of Antares A". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (2): 38. Bibcode:2013AJ....145...38P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/2/38. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ↑ Baade, R.; Reimers, D. (2007-10-01). "Multi-component absorption lines in the HST spectra of alpha Scorpii B". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (1): 229–237. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..229B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077308. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ↑ Ohnaka, K.; Hofmann, K.-H.; Schertl, D.; Weigelt, G.; Baffa, C.; Chelli, A.; Petrov, R.; Robbe-Dubois, S. (2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555: A24. arXiv:1304.4800. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..24O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. S2CID 56396587.
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 Table 4 in Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not as Cool as We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. S2CID 15109583.
- ↑ Dorn-Wallenstein, Trevor Z.; Levesque, Emily M.; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Davenport, James R. A.; Morris, Brett M.; Gootkin, Keyan (2020). "Short Term Variability of Evolved Massive Stars with TESS II: A New Class of Cool, Pulsating Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 902 (1): 24. arXiv:2008.11723. Bibcode:2020ApJ...902...24D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb318. S2CID 221340538.
- ↑ Montargès, M.; Norris, R.; Chiavassa, A.; Tessore, B.; Lèbre, A.; Baron, F. (Junie 2018). "The convective photosphere of the red supergiant CE Tau. I. VLTI/PIONIER H-band interferometric imaging". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614 (12): A12. arXiv:1802.06086. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..12M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731471. S2CID 118950270.
- ↑ Schmidt, M. R.; He, J. H.; Szczerba, R.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; Teyssier, D.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Marston, A. P.; Sobolev, A. M.; De Koter, A.; Schöier, F. L. (2016). "Herschel/HIFI observations of the circumstellar ammonia lines in IRC+10216". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 592: A131. arXiv:1606.01878. Bibcode:2016A&A...592A.131S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527290. PMC 5217166. PMID 28065983.
- ↑ Stassun K.G.; et al. (Oktober 2019). "The revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (4): 138. arXiv:1905.10694. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..138S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467. S2CID 166227927.
- ↑ Pollmann, E.; Bennett, P. D.; Vollmann, W.; Somogyi, P. (Julie 2018). "Periodic Hα Emission in the Eclipsing Binary VV Cephei". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 6249 (6249): 1. Bibcode:2018IBVS.6249....1P. doi:10.22444/IBVS.6249.
- ↑ Groenewegen, M. A. T. (Maart 2020). "Analysing the spectral energy distributions of Galactic classical Cepheids". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 635: A33. arXiv:2002.02186. Bibcode:2020A&A...635A..33G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937060. S2CID 211043995.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
- ↑ Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. (2014). "Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (2): 120. arXiv:1403.5298. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785..120L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. S2CID 118447462.
- ↑ Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; De Jager, C.; Kolka, I.; Israelian, G.; Lobel, A.; Zsoldos, E.; Maeder, A.; Meynet, G. (2012). "The hypergiant HR 8752 evolving through the yellow evolutionary void" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 546: A105. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A.105N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117166.
- ↑ Wong, K. T.; Menten, K. M.; Kamiński, T.; Wyrowski, F.; Lacy, J. H.; Greathouse, T. K. (2018). "Circumstellar ammonia in oxygen-rich evolved stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 612: A48. arXiv:1710.01027. Bibcode:2018A&A...612A..48W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731873. S2CID 55019902.
- ↑ Ohnaka, Keiichi; Weigelt, Gerd; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz (2019). "Infrared Interferometric Three-dimensional Diagnosis of the Atmospheric Dynamics of the AGB Star R Dor with VLTI/AMBER". The Astrophysical Journal. 883 (1): 89. arXiv:1908.06997. Bibcode:2019ApJ...883...89O. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3d2a. S2CID 201103617.
- ↑ Tram, L. N.; Lesaffre, P.; Cabrit, S.; Nhung, P. T. (2018). "Bow-shock chemistry in the interstellar medium". [astro-ph.SR].
- ↑ D. John Hillier; K. Davidson; K. Ishibashi; T. Gull (Junie 2001). "On the Nature of the Central Source in η Carinae". Astrophysical Journal. 553 (837): 837. Bibcode:2001ApJ...553..837H. doi:10.1086/320948.
- ↑ Gull, T. R.; Damineli, A. (2010). "JD13 – Eta Carinae in the Context of the Most Massive Stars". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5: 373–398. arXiv:0910.3158. Bibcode:2010HiA....15..373G. doi:10.1017/S1743921310009890. S2CID 1845338.
- ↑ Ramirez, Ramses; Kaltenegger, Lisa (2017). "A Volcanic Hydrogen Habitable Zone". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 837 (1): L4. arXiv:1702.08618. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837L...4R. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa60c8. S2CID 119333468.
- ↑ "Ask Andy: The Biggest Star". Ottawa Citizen. 27 November 1970. p. 23.
- ↑ Kloppenborg, B.K.; Stencel, R.E.; Monnier, J.D.; Schaefer, G.H.; Baron, F.; Tycner, C.; Zavala, R.T.; Hutter, D.; Zhao, M.; Che, X.; Ten Brummelaar, T.A.; Farrington, C.D.; Parks, R.; McAlister, H. A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Sallave-Goldfinger, P.J.; Turner, N.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N. (2015). "Interferometry of ɛ Aurigae: Characterization of the Asymmetric Eclipsing Disk". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 14. arXiv:1508.01909. Bibcode:2015ApJS..220...14K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/14. S2CID 118575419.
- ↑ Barniske, A.; Oskinova, L. M.; Hamann, W. -R. (2008). "Two extremely luminous WN stars in the Galactic center with circumstellar emission from dust and gas". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 486 (3): 971. arXiv:0807.2476. Bibcode:2008A&A...486..971B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809568. S2CID 8074261.
- ↑ Cruzalebes, P.; Jorissen, A.; Rabbia, Y.; Sacuto, S.; Chiavassa, A.; Pasquato, E.; Plez, B.; Eriksson, K.; Spang, A.; Chesneau, O. (2013). "Fundamental parameters of 16 late-type stars derived from their angular diameter measured with VLTI/AMBER". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 434 (1): 437–450. arXiv:1306.3288. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434..437C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1037. S2CID 49573767.
- ↑ Kennedy, Meghan. "LBV 1806-20 AB?". SolStation.com. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 2017-11-13. Besoek op 2017-10-28.
- ↑ Figer, D. F.; Najarro, F.; Kudritzki, R. P. (2004). "The Double-lined Spectrum of LBV 1806-20". The Astrophysical Journal. 610 (2): L109–L112. arXiv:astro-ph/0406316. Bibcode:2004ApJ...610L.109F. doi:10.1086/423306. S2CID 118975170.
- ↑ Nazé, Y.; Rauw, G.; Hutsemékers, D. (2012). "The first X-ray survey of Galactic luminous blue variables". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 538 (47): A47. arXiv:1111.6375. Bibcode:2012A&A...538A..47N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118040. S2CID 43688343.
- ↑ Eikenberry, S. S.; Matthews, K.; Lavine, J. L.; Garske, M. A.; Hu, D.; Jackson, M. A.; Patel, S. G.; Barry, D. J.; Colonno, M. R.; Houck, J. R.; Wilson, J. C.; Corbel, S.; Smith, J. D. (2004). "Infrared Observations of the Candidate LBV 1806‐20 and Nearby Cluster Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 616 (1): 506–518. arXiv:astro-ph/0404435. Bibcode:2004ApJ...616..506E. doi:10.1086/422180. S2CID 18042381.
- ↑ Farr, Will M.; Pope, Benjamin J. S.; Davies, Guy R.; North, Thomas S. H.; White, Timothy R.; Barrett, Jim W.; Miglio, Andrea; Lund, Mikkel N.; Antoci, Victoria; Fredslund Andersen, Mads; Grundahl, Frank; Huber, Daniel (2018). "Aldebaran b's Temperate Past Uncovered in Planet Search Data" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 865 (2): L20. arXiv:1802.09812. Bibcode:2018ApJ...865L..20F. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aadfde. S2CID 56049041. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike (PDF) op 2020-03-03. Besoek op 2019-12-16.
- ↑ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. (2020). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918. arXiv:2009.05136. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. S2CID 221640940.
- ↑ Fadeyev, Y. A. (2015). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): 1011–1017. arXiv:1502.06463. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449.1011F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412. S2CID 118517157.
- ↑ Ziółkowski, J. (2005). "Evolutionary constraints on the masses of the components of HDE 226868/Cyg X-1 binary system". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 358 (3): 851–859. arXiv:astro-ph/0501102. Bibcode:2005MNRAS.358..851Z. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08796.x. S2CID 119334761.
Eksterne skakels[wysig | wysig bron]
- Giant Stars ’n Interaktiewe webtuiste wat stergroottes vergelyk
- BBC News Drie grootste sterre geïdentifiseer
Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die Engelse Wikipedia