Lys fossiele in die menslike evolusie
in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie
Die volgende lys fossiele in die menslike evolusie bevat fossiele van die tribus Hominini, wat in die Laat Mioseen (sowat 6 miljoen jaar gelede) ontstaan het. Aangesien duisende fossiele reeds gevind is, dikwels net enkele bene of tande,[1] is dit nie ’n volledige lys nie, maar dit bevat van die belangrikste vondste. Die fossiele is in die volgorde van oud tot jonk, soos bepaal deur radiometriese en/of inkrementele datering.
Die meeste van die fossiele word nie beskou as direkte voorouers van Homo sapiens nie, maar is nou verwant aan direkte voorouers en dus belangrik in die bestudering van die menslike lyn.
Inhoud
Laat Mioseen[wysig]
7 miljoen – 5,3 miljoen jaar oud[wysig]
| Foto | Naam | Ouderdom (jaar) | Spesie | Jaar ontdek |
Land | Ontdek deur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
TM 266 (Toumaï) | 7 miljoen[2] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001 | Tsjad | Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum, Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye |
 |
BAR 1000'00 | 6 miljoen[3] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000 | Kenia | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut |
Plioseen[wysig]
5,3 miljoen – 2,58 miljoen jaar oud[wysig]
| Foto | Naam | Ouderdom (jaar) | Spesie | Jaar ontdek |
Land | Ontdek deur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Ardi | 4,4 miljoen[4] | Ardipithecus ramidus | 1994 | Ethiopië | Yohannes Haile-Selassie |
| KNM-LT 329 | 4,2 - 5 miljoen[5] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1967 | Kenia | Arnoud Lewis, Bryan Patterson[6][7] | |
| KNM-TH 13150 | 4,15-5,25 miljoen[8] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1984 | Kenia | Kiptalam Cheboi[6] | |
| KNM-KP 271 | 4 miljoen[9] | Australopithecus anamensis | 1965 | Kenia | Bryan Patterson[6] | |
 |
Laetoli-voetspore | 3,7 miljoen | Bipedale hominied | 1976 | Tanzanië | Mary Leakey |
| LH 4 | 2,9 – 3,9 miljoen | Australopithecus afarensis | 1974 | Tanzanië | Donald Johanson[10] | |
| K 12 (Abel) | 3,5 miljoen | Australopithecus bahrelghazali | 1995 | Tsjad | Michel Brunet | |
.JPG) |
Platgesigmens[11] | 3,5 miljoen | Kenyanthropus platyops | 1999 | Kenia | Justus Erus en Meave Leakey[12] |
 |
Stw 573 (Kleinvoet) | 3,3 miljoen | Australopithecus ? | 1994 | Suid-Afrika | Ronald J. Clarke |
 |
DIK-1 (Selam) | 3,3 miljoen | Australopithecus afarensis | 2000 | Ethiopië | Zeresenay Alemseged |
 |
AL 288-1 (Lucy) | 3,2 miljoen | Australopithecus afarensis | 1974 | Ethiopië | Tom Gray, Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens en Maurice Taieb |
| AL 200-1 | 3 – 3,2 miljoen | Australopithecus afarensis | 1975 | Ethiopië | Donald Johanson, Yves Coppens en Maurice Taieb | |
| AL 129-1 | 3 – 3,2 miljoen | Australopithecus afarensis | 1973 | Ethiopië | Donald Johanson | |
| Foto by Modern Human Origins |
AL 444-2 | 3 miljoen | Australopithecus afarensis | 1991 | Ethiopië | Bill Kimbel |
Pleistoseen[wysig]
Vroeë Paleolitikum: 2,58 miljoen – 300 000[wysig]
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Middel-Paleolitikum: 300 000 – 50 000 jaar oud[wysig]
Laat Paleolitikum: 50 000 – 10 000 jaar oud[wysig]
Holoseen[wysig]
Mesolitikum/Neolitikum: 10 000 – 5 000 jaar oud[wysig]
| Foto | Naam | Ouderdom (jaar) | Spesie | Jaar ontdek |
Land | Ontdek deur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| La Brea-vrou | Sowat 10 000 | Homo sapiens | 1914 | VSA | ||
 |
Combe Capelle | 9 600[33] | Homo sapiens | 1909 | Frankryk | O. Hauser |
| Cheddar-mens | 9 000 | 1903 | Brittanje | |||
 |
Kow-moeras 1 | 9 000 - 13 000 | Homo sapiens | 1968 | Australië | A.G. Thorne |
| Afalou 13 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1920 | Algerië | C. Arambourg | |
| Wadi Halfa 25 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1963 | Soedan | G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene | |
| Wadi Kubbaniya | 8 000 - 20 000 | Homo sapiens | 1982 | Egipte | Fred Wendorf | |
 |
Minnesota-vrou | 7 800 - 8 000 | Homo sapiens | 1931 | Minnesota, VSA |
Albert Jenks |
| Lo 4b | 6 000 - 9 000 | Homo sapiens | 1965 | H. Robbins, B.M. Lynch | ||
| Tepexpan-mens | 5 000 - 11 000 | Homo sapiens | 1947 | Mexiko | Hellmut de Terra | |
| SDM 16704 | 4 900 – 11 800 | Homo sapiens | 1929 | VSA | M.J. Rogers |
Afkortings in fossielname[wysig]
- AL - Afar-driehoek, Ethiopië
- ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopië
- BAR – Baringo-distrik, Kenia
- BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopië
- D - Dmanisi, Georgië
- ER – Turkana-meer, Kenia
- KGA - Konso-Gardula, Ethiopië
- KNM - Kenia Nasionale Museum
- KP - Kanapoi, Kenia
- LB - Liang Bua, Indonesië
- LH – Laetoli-hominied, Tanzanië
- NG - Ngandong, Indonesië
- OH – Olduvai-hominied, Tanzanië
- SK - Swartkrans, Suid-Afrika
- Sts, Stw - Sterkfontein, Suid-Afrika
- TM – Transvaal-museum, Suid-Afrika
- TM - Toros-Menalla, Tsjad
- WT – Turkana-meer, Kenia
Verdere leesstof[wysig]
- Gibbons, Ann. The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books (2007). ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3
- (2002. Herdruk 2004)In Hartwig, Walter: The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2.
- Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. Three Rivers Press (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-39640-2
- Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R. (red.). (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5.
- Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. Little, Brown and Company (1992). ISBN 0-316-90298-5
- Lewin, Roger. Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins. Penguin Books (1987). ISBN 0-14-022638-9
Verwysings[wysig]
- ↑ “Prominent Hominid Fossils”. URL besoek op 2006-08-31.
- ↑ “Fossil Hominids: Toumai”. Talkorigins.org: 2002-07-31. URL besoek op 2012-10-15.
- ↑ “Bar 10200'”. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. URL besoek op 27 Julie 2012.
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan, "Fossil finds extend human story", BBC News, 2009-10-01.
- ↑ (1999) “Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift”. Journal of the Geological Society 156: 731–745. DOI:10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0731.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Andrew Hill & Steven Ward (1988). “Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My”. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31 (59): 49–83. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505.
- ↑ Bryan Patterson, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, & William D. Sill (6 Junie 1970). “Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North-western Kenya”. Nature 226 (5249): 918–921. DOI:10.1038/226918a0. Key details from select sources
- ↑ “Pliocene hominid partial mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72 (1): 21–37. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330720104.
- ↑ “Sorry, We Can't Find That Page - Search MSU”. Msu.edu. URL besoek op 2012-10-15.
- ↑ “Oldupai”. Ntz.info. URL besoek op 2012-10-15.
- ↑ KNM-WT 40000
- ↑ Smithsonian
- ↑ http://travelmag.co.uk/?p=1254
- ↑ Jonathan, Amos, "African fossils put new spin on human origins story", http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/index.xhtml, BBC News, 2011-09-08. URL besoek op 9 September 2011.
- ↑ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005), p.286
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Meave G. Leakey, Fred Spoor, M. Christopher Dean, Craig S. Feibel, Susan C. Antón, Christopher Kiarie & Louise N. Leakey. 2012. New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo. Nature 488, 201–204 (9 August 2012) doi:10.1038/nature11322
- ↑ Inverted strata
- ↑ Donald C. Johanson, Blake Edgar (1996). From Lucy to Language. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 158.
- ↑ Michael Hopkin. "Fossil find is oldest European yet", Nature News, March 26, 2008.
- ↑ http://archive.archaeology.org/9809/newsbriefs/eritrea.html
- ↑ By ʻAlī Jāvīd, "World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 2", Page. 17
- ↑ P. Brown Dali archaic Homo Sapiens University of New England, Australië
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 23,6 23,7 23,8 23,9 Smith, T. M.; Tafforeau, P., Reid, D. J., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J. P., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Olejniczak, A. J., Hoffman, A., Radovcic, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C., Hublin, J.-J. (2010). “Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (49): 20923–20928. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1010906107.
- ↑ Qafzeh IX
- ↑ Christopher J. Norton and David R. Braun. Asian paleanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond. New York, NY: Springer, 107. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2. ISBN 978-9048190935.
- ↑ “What does it mean to be human?”. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. URL besoek op July 27, 2012.
- ↑ “Human evolution: interpreting evidence”. Museum of Science, Boston, US. URL besoek op 27 Julie 2012.
- ↑ Timeline at Bone & Stone
- ↑ Robin McKie, science editor (2010-06-20). “Bones from a Cheddar Gorge cave show that cannibalism helped Britain's earliest settlers survive the ice age | Science | The Observer”. Guardian. URL besoek op 2012-10-15.
- ↑ “Mystery of a West African skull from 13,000 jaar ago”. Natural History Museum, London, UK. URL besoek op 27 Julie 2012.
- ↑ Travels and Archeology in South Chile. Cornell University, New York, U.S.. Besoek op August 21, 2013.
- ↑ (1992) “The many faces of Wadjak man”. Archaeology Oceania 27 (1): 37–46.
- ↑ Seidler, Christoph, "Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann", Der Spiegel, 9 Februarie 2011. URL besoek op 2012-04-19.
- Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz, Jeffery (2000). Extinct Humans. Westview Press, Boulder CO. ISBN 978-0-8133-3482-0.
- Larsen, Clark Spencer, Matter, Robert M, Gebo, Daniel L (1991). Human Origins: the fossil record. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. ISBN 978-0-88133-575-0.
- “Smithsonian Human Origins Program”. URL besoek op 2006-08-29.
- “Prominent Hominid Fossils”. URL besoek op 2006-08-31.
- (1996) “Phenetic Affinities Among Early Homo Crania from East and South Africa”. Journal of Human Evolution 30 (3): 189–225. DOI:10.1006/jhev.1996.0019.
